Industrial Hygiene Profesional

Apa itu Industrial Hygiene ?

2018-05-13T00:44:00.000-07:00

Industrial Hygiene adalah ilmu tentang antisipasi, mengenal, mengevaluasi serta mengontrol kondisi lingkungan kerja yang dapat mempengaruhi tenaga kerja [menyebabkan sakit, gangguan kesehatan atau ketidaknyamanan pada pekerja]

Yang dapat dilakukan oleh seorang Industrial Hygienist adalah menerapkan ilmu Medical Scientist, Detective, dan Engineer. Pengetahuan yang luas mengenai ilmu kesehatan sangat membantu seorang Industrial Hygienist dalam memandang permasalahan di tempat kerja.

Seorang Industrial hygienist adalah detektif, sebab kita diharuskan mengetahui informasi lebih mengenai bahaya-bahaya di dalam tempat kerja. Monitor lingkungan kerja dan menganalisa metodenya yang nanti digunakan untuk menganalisa dampaknya terhadap pekerja yang terpajan.

Analisa bahaya di tempat kerja merupakan tahap pertama terpenting dari seorang Industrial Hygienist untuk mengetahui potensi bahaya di tempat kerja terhadap pekerja. Pengenalan lapangan kerja yang merupakan daerah tanggung jawab Kita harus dikontrol setiap waktu, sehingga perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi di area kerja dapat termonitor setiap saat.
Dalam memonitor lingkungan kerja, selain lingkungan fisik, perlu juga dilakukan monitoring terhadap para pekerja dengan melakukan interview untuk menanyakan apakah ada isu-isu kesehatan yang terjadi di areanya. Sebelumnya kita harus memberikan informasi kedatangan Kita kepada Foreman atau Supervisor yang berwenang di area tersebut. Sehingga apabila ditemukan hal-hal yang substandard bisa dilakukan klarifikasinya kepada mereka. Ini dilakukan agar tidak terjadi kesalahan informasi antara kondisi lapangan dengan keterangan dari mereka.

Selama proses menganalisa seorang Industrial Hygienist melakukan:

1. Mengidentifikasi bahaya-bahaya yang mungkin dapat terjadi, permasalahan-permasalahan kerja serta resikonya. Menganalisa kondisi-kondisi yang dapat diukur untuk mencari permasalan yang timbul.

2. Mengembangkan strategi sampling dan menggunakan peralatan-peralatan sampling yang dimiliki untuk mengukur seberapa besar sumber bahaya di tempat kerja.

3. Melakukan pengamatan terhadap bagaimana dampak sumber-sumber bahaya kimia dan fisika dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan pekerja dengan melakukan pengukuran.

4. Membandingkan hasil sampling dengan standart atau petunjuk yang relevan untuk menentukkan apakah pengontrolan khusus diperlukan.

Pengontrolan di Tempat Kerja yang dapat dilakukan:

1. Engineering kontrol.

· Menghilangkan semua bahaya-bahaya yang ditimbulkan.

· Mengurangi sumber bahaya dengan mengganti dengan bahan yang kurang berbahaya.

· Work proses ditempatkan terpisah.

· Menempatan ventilasi local/umum.

2. Administrasi kontrol.

· Pengaturan schedule kerja atau meminimalkan kontak pekerja dengan sumber bahaya.

3. Praktek kerja.

· Mengikuti prosedur yang sesuai untuk meminimalisasi pemaparan ketika pengoperasian.

· Inspeksi secara reguler dan perawatan peralatan.

4. APD.

· Ini merupakan langkah terakhir dari hirarki pengendalian.

PRINCIPLES FOR HACCP DEVELOPMENT

2008-02-11T03:42:00.001-08:00

HACCP TEAM

PRODUCT

DESCRIPTIONS

PROCESS

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FACTORY LAYOUT PLAN

VERIFY PROCESS FLOW & LAYOUT PLAN

TO HACCP PRINCIPLES

Safety at Work

2007-09-26T19:10:00.000-07:00

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21 Most Common Food Service Problems

2007-08-27T23:46:00.000-07:00

1. Potentially hazardous foods do not meet temperature requirements.

Problem: Perishable food, which consists in whole or in part of eggs, meat, milk, poultry, fish, shellfish or other ingredients capable of supporting rapid bacterial growth, is found at room temperature.
Solution: Keep all potentially hazardous food at safe temperature: cold foods 5 C (41 F) or below, hot foods 60 C (140 F) or above.

2. Potentially hazardous foods are not properly thawed.

Problem: Meat, poultry and seafood thawed at room temperature. This practice is extremely dangerous. The surface of the food rapidly warms to the danger zone. (5 C to 60 C) and after several hours can produce enough germs or toxin to cause illness.
Solution: Plan your menu and thaw frozen foods in the refrigerator. Remember large items such as turkeys may take as long as 72 hours to thaw. In an emergency, frozen potentially hazardous foods may be thawed under running potable water at 21 C (70 F) or below until thawed; then cooked or refrigerated. If food is thawed in a microwave, it must be immediately transferred to a conventional cooking unit as part of a continuous cooking process.

3. Thermometers are not provided or are not conspicuously located.

Problem: Thermometers are not available or easily located in refrigeration units and at heating units.
Solution: A major safeguard in handling food for the public's consumption is the maintenance of proper temperature. Thermometers must be kept in all refrigerators so that temperatures can be conveniently monitored at all times. For units without built-in thermometers, we recommend that small non-mercury thermometers be taped to the inside of the door, since they are easily lost or broken when placed on racks. Metal stem thermometers must be available for monitoring temperatures of foods in "hot holding". Remember, keep hot foods hot (60 C or above), and cold foods cold (5 C or below).

4. Food protection is inadequate.

Problem: Food stored in refrigerators and walk-in coolers is not covered or wrapped. Sacks of potatoes and onions, crates of vegetables and fruits, cases of canned goods, and other food items stored on the floor.
Solution: The floor area for such storage cannot be cleaned; dust and debris are swept onto and between these items when the adjoining floor area is cleaned, the dirty bottoms of these food containers contaminate clean surfaces when the containers are lifted onto tables or benches, and the storage area becomes more attractive to the harborage of insect and rodent pests. Install shelving at least 6 inches above the floor. The area beneath the shelving must be accessible for cleaning, or the void sealed with a tight fitting base plate. For items which are too large or bulky for shelf storage, use pallets and keep the area underneath clean. Cover all refrigerated foods. Do not stack food items in the refrigerator.

5. Handling of food is not minimized.

Problem: The use of containers without handles (such as bowls, cups, and glasses)
for scooping flour, sugar and other bulk materials from storage bins which may result in contamination of bulk food items from contact with workers' hands.
Solution: Scoops with handles must be provided, as they prevent foodhandlers from running their fingers and hands through the food materials. In many instances, transmission of germs can also be reduced by using forks, knives, tongs, scoops and other utensils that minimize the handling of food.

6. Hygienic practices are not used.

Problem: Eating, smoking or use of tobacco in any form while in food preparation, service, equipment or utensil washing areas. Since the hands of smokers come into contact with the mouth each time a cigarette is taken from the mouth, smoking employees may contaminate the product with which they are working with bacteria from their mouth.
Solution: No smoking or eating should be permitted in the food preparation area at any time. If smoking is permitted in the storeroom, sufficient ashtrays should be provided and individual smoking must wash his/her hands each time he returns to the food preparation area.

7. Food contact surfaces of equipment and utensils are not clean.

Problem: Accumulation of dried food substances on slicers, mixers, sugar bins, meat tenderizers, can opener blades, refrigerator shelves and door handles, and other equipment that normally comes into contact with food products.
Solution: Clean and sanitize meat slicers and cutting boards between uses or different types of food, such as meat and vegetables, to avoid "cross-contamination". Clean all kitchen equipment on a regular schedule.

8. Non-food contact surfaces of equipment and utensils are not clean.

Problem: Unclean counters, shelves, insides and tops of refrigerators, ovens, tables, tops of mixers and exteriors of exhaust hoods. These surfaces must be kept clean so dirt does not fall into food containers or attract insects.
Solution: Utilize a cleaning checklist to insure periodic cleaning of all non-food contact surfaces.

9. Dishwashing facilities are inadequate.

Problem: Manual dishwashing - improper sequence in three compartment sink.
Solution: Wash all utensils in hot water containing detergent, rinse in hot clean water and sanitize in the third compartment by immersing in water containing approved sanitizer for one minute.
Problem: Dishwash machine - improper maintenance of machine, including broken temperature gauges, clogged rinse jets, and heavy lime build-ups.
Solution: Check dishwash machine daily for proper cleaning and maintenance. Keep several spare parts on hand.

10. Sanitation rinse is not used.

Adequate dishwashing is one of the most important procedures in the food service operation in breaking the chain of infection from customer to customer.

Problem: Manual dishwashing - no test kit available to periodically check the concentration of the sanitizing chemical.
Solution: Obtain address of test kit from your Sanitarian.
Problem: Dishwash machines - machines using hot water for final rinse not reaching the required 82 C (180 F), or lack of bleach in machines designed to dispense chlorine with final rinse.
Solution: Check the dishwash final rinse daily to insure it reaches the required gauge temperature of 82 C (180 F) final rinse, or check the chlorine dispenser reservoir daily.

11. Original containers are not used, or container is not properly labeled.

Problem: Foods received in large or bulky containers are transferred to smaller but unlabeled containers. Sometimes the small can of salt or sugar kept handy to the stove gets confused with the rat or roach poison kept in an identical can.
Solution: Unless the food item is easily identifiable and cannot be mistaken for another product, store it in clearly labeled containers. Keep all poisons and other toxic materials sorted in their original container and in a safe place (segregate complete from food storage). Do not store cleaning compounds in the same cabinet as insecticides and rodenticides. Use only smooth, easily cleanable containers for food; empty tin cans do not meet this requirement.

12. Storage of clean equipment and utensils is not appropriate.

Problem: Cups and glasses stored on toweling. Pans stored before thoroughly dry, and in some cases "clean" pots and pans stored on floor.
Solution: Store cups and glasses on rubber matting to allow air circulation and invert dry pots and pans on storage racks.

13. Food- or ice-dispensing utensils are improperly stored.

Problem: Ice cream dipper is stored in milk shake container half full of water. Handle of ice scoop is covered with ice.
Solution: Store ice cream scoop in cold running water, or clean and dry after each use. Store ice scoop with handle up or in a clean, protected place near the ice machine.

14. Single service articles are not stored properly or do not have proper dispensers.

Problem: No dispenser for single service cups or such articles handled or dispensed in a matter that contaminate surfaces which may come into contact with food or the mouth of the user.
Solution: Use dispensers and insure single service articles are used only once. Store single service articles in covered cartons or containers which protect them from contamination.

15. Cross connections cause back siphonage or backflow.

Problem: Rubber hoses directly attached to kitchen sink or janitor's mop sink. Variations in water pressure can cause a vacuum in the water lines. If hoses are reaching into the sink, dishwater or mopwater can be drawn back into the public water supply.
Solution: Install vacuum breakers on all spigots with hoses or place vacuum breaker on hose bib.

16. Toilet and handwashing facilities are not proper or adequate.

Problem: Toilet facilities not clean and in good repair; single service towels and soap not provided at handwash sinks.
Solution: Clean and properly maintained toilet facilities generate a proper attitude toward sanitary practices and conditions in the food service establishment. It is extremely important that employees wash their hands after using the toilet facilities and after handling contaminated materials in the kitchen in order to break the chain of infection.

17. Indoor and outdoor storage is not properly maintained.

Problem: Garbage cans are not kept clean, or covered with tight fitting lids; dumpsters are dirty and lids are left open.
Solution: Clean garbage cans after each use and cover when not in continuous use; keep dumpster lids closed and dispose with sufficient frequency to prevent a nuisance.

18. Construction of floors, walls and ceilings does not meet specifications.

Problem:: Broken tile or linoleum flooring; dirty and greasy walls and un-cleanable ceilings.
Solution: Maintain floor in food preparation and storage areas to be smooth, nonabsorbent and easily cleanable; keep wall and ceiling clean and in good repair.

19. Lighting is not provided as required and fixtures are not shielded.

Problem: Inadequate lighting on food preparation and dishwashing areas; no shields on kitchen lights.
Solution: Provide at least 538 lux (50 foot candles of light) on all working surfaces and at least 323 lux (30 foot candles of light) to all other surfaces and equipment in food preparation, utensil washing and hand washing areas; shield light fixtures in food preparation and service areas to protect against broken glass falling into food.

20. Wiping cloths are not clean or use-restricted.

Problem: Wiping cloth on counter, used to wipe spill on floor.
Solution: Wiping cloth or dishrags used for wiping food spills must be used for no other purpose, and should be frequently rinsed in an approved sanitizing solution.

21. Food preparation surface is uncleanable.

Problem: Plywood and other soft woods may not be used for cutting boards, sandwich preparation tables, or other food contact surfaces as they cannot be kept in a sanitary condition. Hard maple, which is the only wood approved for such use, that has cracks or scoring which make the surface unsanitizeable.
Solution: Use only hard maple or plastic for cutting boards, sandwich tables, and other food contact surfaces. When maple becomes cracked, discard it. Deep scoring of maple must be removed by refinishing, or the board discarded

Source: DEC

Keselamatan dalam pengelasan / Safety in Welding

2007-08-26T16:00:00.001-07:00

Radiasi bunga api / Arc Radiation

Radiasi bunga api dihasilkan dari sinar Ultra Violet (UV) dan sinar infra merah (IR) dan apabila Kita terpajan dapat menyebabkan: / Arch radiation is a result of ULTRA-VIOLET (UV) and INFRA-RED (IR) Rays and exposure can cause the following.

Kanker kulit / Skin cancer
Kulit terbakar / Thermal Skin Burn (severe sun burn)
Mata terbakar / Arch Flash (welder Flash) or Eye Burn which can result in inflammation of the cornea, Cataracts or Blindness.

Alat Pelindung Diri yang diperlukan /Protection Required Includes:

· Helm las yang memenuhi standard dan terdapat filter / an approved welding helmet with the correct filter and shade number.

· Kacamata safety yang berguna untuk menahan sinar UV dan IR serta mengurangi / Safety glasses which will help to refract (bend away) the UV and IR Rays away reducing the chances of Arch Flash.

· Selalu pergunakan pakaian pelindung yang melindungi seluruh tubuh dari potensi terbakar, diantaranya: / Always wear protection full covering clothing to shield your body for potential burn eg:

o Kain wool atau katun yang tahan api atau percikan api / Overall or flame resistant wool or cotton.

o Jaket kulit / Leather apron and jackets

o Selalu menggunakan sarung tangan kulit / Always wear leather gloves

o Semacam topi pelindung kepala / Skull cap (for overhead welding)

o Pergunakan sekat pelindung ketika bekerja di area terbuka / Screen the welding zone when welding in open spaces.

· Kilatan cahaya api las dapat mengenai Kitawalaupun tanpa melihat secara langsung / A welding flash can occur by indirectly viewing the arch even for a relatively short time eg:

o Unconsciously looking out the corner of the eye.

o Looking away from the arch (close eyes then turn away)

o Dipantulkan oleh permukaan yang mengkilat / Reflections of the arch from shiny surfaces.

Sengatan Listrik / Electric Shock

· Jangan pegang bagian logam yang dilas dengan tangan tanpa pelindung atau baju yang basah / Never touch live metal part with bare skin or wet clothing.

· Jaga sarung tangan dan baju pelindung tetap kering dan bebas dari oli atau gemuk / Keep gloves and Protective clothing dry and free of oil and grease.

· Jangan lilitkan atau putarkan kabel las disekitar tubuh Anda / Never coil or loop welding cable around your body.

· Jangan mengelas diatas permukaan basah atau di diatas air / Don’t weld while standing on a wet surface or while standing in water.

Uap Logam dan Gas / Fumes and Gases

Dihasilkan oleh mencairnya logam, penguapan dan reaksi-reaksi lain yang terjadi, yang berupa logam atau gas termasuk dalam bunga api pengelasan /Caused by the melting, vapourisation and other reaction of the consumables, base metals and gases (where applicable) involved in the welding arc.

Beberapa kontaminasi yang umum /Some common contaminants:

Kontamina / Contaminant	Sumber / Source
Uap Besi / Iron Fumes	Vaporization of iron from base metal and electrode coatings.
Chromium	Stainless steel, electrode coating, plantings
Nickel	Stainless steel, nickel clad steel
Zinc Fume	Vaporization of zinc alloys, electrode coatings galvanized steel, zinc-primed steel.
Uap logam tembaga / Cooper Fume	Vaporization of coating on electrode wires, sheaths on air carbon arch gouging electrodes, cooper alloys
Vanadium, Manganese, Molybdenum	Welding rods, alloying element in stells
Timah / Tin	Tin coating steel, some nonferrous alloys
Cadmium	Plating
Timbal / Lead (Pb)	Fluxes, coating on electrodes, flux in wires.
Carbon Monoxide (CO)	Combustible product of gas metal arc welding, air carbon arc gouging, oxyfuel flames, exhaust from car engines.
Ozone (O3)	Gas metal arch welding, air carbon arc gauging, titanium and aluminium welding in inert gas atmosphere.
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)	Gas metal arc welding, oxyfuel flame process
Phosgene	Welding of metal covered with chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents

MedGate

2007-08-09T17:55:00.001-07:00

For more information please check at: http://www.medgate.com/

Chemwatch

2007-08-08T21:18:00.001-07:00

Detail information, please check: www.chemwatch.net

Quest Suite Professional

2007-08-08T21:18:00.000-07:00

For more information please check at: http://www.quest-technologies.com/

ChemAlert

2007-08-08T21:17:00.000-07:00

This software is chemical safety management, for detail please check at: http://www.chemalert.com.au/

Microsoft Acess

2007-08-08T21:12:00.000-07:00

for information, please check at: http://www.microsoft.com/

IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL OF HAZARDS AT CONSTRUCTION SITES

2007-07-30T15:47:00.001-07:00

SR NO	CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY	ASSOCIATED HAZARDS	EFFECT OF HAZARDS	PREVENTIVE MEASURES / RECOMMENDATIONS
1	Electrical installations and usage	Short Circuiting	Electrocution or fire	Use hand gloves & other PPE
				Don’t lay wires under carpets , mats or door ways
				Employ licensed electricians to carry out electrical installation
				Use one socket for one appliance.
				Ensure usage of only fully insulated, undamaged wires or cables.
				Don’t place bare wire ends in a socket
				Ensure earthing of equipments
				Do not use damaged cords and avoid temporary connections
				Provide all connections through ELCB
				Protect electrical cables / equipments from water and naked flames.
				Check all connections before energizing.
		Over loading of Electrical system	Bursting of system leading to fire	Display voltage and current ratings prominently with Danger signs.
				Ensure approved cable size, voltage grade and type
				Switch of the electrical utilities when not in use.
				Do not allow unauthorized connections.
				Ensure proper grid wise distribution of power.
		Improper laying of overhead under ground transmission lines / cables	Can cause electrocution and prove fatal	Do not lay unamoured cable directly on ground, wall, top of trees. Maintain at least 3 meter distance from HT cables . All temporary cables should be laid at least 750 mm below ground on 100 mm fine sand overlaying by brick soling.
				Proper sleeves should be provided at road crossings.
				Provide cable route markers indicating the type and depth of cables at intervals not exceeding 30 m and at the diversions termination.
2	Working at Heights	Person can fall down	May sustain severe injuries or prove fatal	Provide guard rails / barricades at the work place
				Use PPE like safety belts, full body harness, with two life lines , helmets , safety shoes etc.
				Obtain work permit before starting the work at height above 2 meters.
				Fall arrestor systems like safety nets must be installed
				Provide proper working space ( min 0.6 m x 0.6 m)
				Tie / weld working platform with fixed support.
				Avoid moments on beams.
			May hit the scrap / material stacked at the ground or in between	Keep the work place neat and clean
				Remove the scrap immediately
		Material can fall down	May hit the workers working at lower levels & prove fatal	Same as above plus
				Barricade the area at ground level
				Do not throw or drop materials or equipment from height.
				All tools to be carried in a tool kit bag.
				Remove scraps from the planks.
				Ensure wearing of helmet by the workers at low level
3	Confined Spaces	Suffocation	Unconsciousness / death	Use respiratory devices
				Avoid over crowding inside a confined space
				Provide exhaust fans / ventilation
				Do not use loose clothes.
				Keep a stand by person outside the vessel
				Provide alarm bell to the person inside the confined space.
				Check for reasons of hydro carbons O2 level, toxic gases
				Obtain permit before entering the confined space
				All incoming lines to the tank should be emptied and blank
		Presence of foul smell and toxic substances	Inhalation can pose threat to life	Same as above plus Check for compounds before entering a confined space
		Presence of foul smell and toxic substances	Inhalation can pose threat to life	Keep one person outside the confined space for continuing monitoring and for extending help in case of emergency.
		Ignition / flame can cause fire	Person may sustain burr injuries or explosion may occur	Keep fire extinguishers handy
				Remove surplus material and scrap immediately
				Do not smoke inside a confined space
				Do not allow gas cylinders inside a confined space
				Use low voltage (24 V) explosion proof lamps for lighting
				Use pneumatic tools or electric tools with max. 24 V (explosion proof)
				Remove all equipments at the end of the day.
4	Radiography	Ionizing / radiation from source	Radiation may cause diseases like cancer , skin irritation , dermatitis etc	Follow safety guidelines from BARC before commencement of job.
				Employ authorized and trained person with requisite qualifications.
				Barricade the area and install radiation warning symbol.
				Restrict the entry of unauthorized persons.
				Wear appropriate PPE and film badges issued by BARC.
		Transportation and storage of radiography source	Same as above	Never touch or handle radiography source with hands.
				Store radiography source inside approved pit in an exclusive isolated storage room with lock and key arrangement.
				Radiography source shall never be carried in a passenger bus or an passenger compartment of train.
				BARC should be informed before source movement.
		Loss of radioisotope	Same as above	Try to locate with the help of survey meter and inform to BARC
5	Hand Power Tools	Unguarded moving parts like grinding wheels, drill bits.	It may injure the operator. Wheel may get detached,. And hit the passer might by flying missiles causing serious injury.	Use proper guard. Ensure tightening mechanism of the tool.
		Supply of power without earthing	Electrocution	Always use three pin plug. Ensure good earthing.
		Damage tools	Can cause injury.	Always use tested & verified tools.
6	Lifting Activities.	Failure of load lifting & moving equipment	Can cause accident & proved to be fatal	Check periodically oil, brakes, gears, Horns , and tyre pressure of all moving machinery, Check quality, size & condition of all chained pulley blocks, sleeves, Sling, U clamps, D shackle , wire ropes, etc. Allow crane to move only on hard firm and leveled ground . Allow lifting sling as short as possible.
		Overloading of Lifting equipments.	Same as above	Safe Lifting capacity of derricks, and winches should be ascertained, Maximum SWL shall marked on all lifting equipments. Check the weight of columns & other heavy items painted on them and accordingly design above the angle of erection. Allow only trained operators and riggers during crane operations.
		Overhead Electrical wires	Can cause electrocution & fire.	Do not allow boom or the other part of the crane to come within the three meter reach of overhead HT cables.
		Overhead Electrical wires	Can cause electrocution & fire.	Hook & load being lifted shall be preferably remained in full visibility.

Type of disposable particulate respirator

2007-07-19T16:09:00.000-07:00

Select a type of disposable particulate respirator (filtering facepiece) to view a list of manufacturers/suppliers and model numbers:

Type	Description
N95	Filters at least 95% of airborne particles. Not resistant to oil.
N99	Filters at least 99% of airborne particles. Not resistant to oil.
N100	Filters at least 99.97% of airborne particles. Not resistant to oil.
R95	Filters at least 95% of airborne particles. Somewhat resistant to oil.
R99*	Filters at least 99% of airborne particles. Somewhat resistant to oil.
R100*	Filters at least 99.97% of airborne particles. Somewhat resistant to oil.
P95	Filters at least 95% of airborne particles. Strongly resistant to oil.
99*	Filters at least 99% of airborne particles. Strongly resistant to oil.
P100	Filters at least 99.97% of airborne particles. Strongly resistant to oil.

* No NIOSH approvals are held by this type of disposable particulate respirator.

Guide to the PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

2007-07-19T16:04:00.001-07:00

What is PPE?

PPE is defined in the Regulations as ‘all equipment (including clothing affording protection against the weather) which is intended to be worn or held by a person at work and which protects him against one or more risks to his health or safety’, eg safety helmets, gloves, eye protection, high-visibility clothing, safety footwear and safety harnesses.

Hearing protection and respiratory protective equipment provided for most work situations are not covered by these Regulations because other regulations apply to them. However, these items need to be compatible with any other PPE provided.

Cycle helmets or crash helmets worn by employees on the roads are not covered by the Regulations. Motorcycle helmets are legally required for motorcyclists under road traffic legislation.

What do the Regulations require?

The main requirement of the PPE at Work Regulations 1992 is that personal protective equipment is to be supplied and used at work wherever there are risks to health and safety that cannot be adequately controlled in other ways.

The Regulations also require that PPE:

is properly assessed before use to ensure it is suitable;
is maintained and stored properly;
is provided with instructions on how to use it safely; and
is used correctly by employees.

Can I charge for providing PPE?

An employer cannot ask for money from an employee for PPE, whether it is returnable or not. This includes agency workers if they are legally regarded as your employees. If employment has been terminated and the employee keeps the PPE without the employer’s permission, then, as long as it has been made clear in the contract of employment, the employer may be able to deduct the cost of the replacement from any wages owed.

Health and Safety

Executive

Assessing suitable PPE

To allow the right type of PPE to be chosen, carefully consider the different hazards in the workplace. This will enable you to assess which types of PPE are suitable to protect against the hazard and for the job to be done.

Ask your supplier for advice on the different types of PPE available and how suitable they are for different tasks. It may be necessary in a few particularly difficult cases to obtain advice from specialist sources and from the PPE manufacturer. Another useful source of information is the British Safety Industry Federation

(www.bsif.co.uk).

Consider the following when assessing whether PPE is suitable:

Is it appropriate for the risks involved and the conditions at the place where exposure to the risk may occur? For example, eye protection designed for providing protection against agricultural pesticides will not offer adequate face protection for someone using an angle grinder to cut steel or stone.
Does it prevent or adequately control the risks involved without increasing the overall level of risk?
Can it be adjusted to fit the wearer correctly?
Has the state of health of those who will be wearing it been taken into account?
What are the needs of the job and the demands it places on the wearer? For example, the length of time the PPE needs to be worn, the physical effort required to do the job and the requirements for visibility and communication.
If more than one item of PPE is being worn, are they compatible? For example, does a particular type of respirator make it difficult to get eye protection to fit properly?

The hazards and types of PPE

Eyes

Hazards: chemical or metal splash, dust, projectiles, gas and vapour, radiation.

Options: safety spectacles, goggles, faceshields, visors.

Head

Hazards: impact from falling or flying objects, risk of head bumping, hair entanglement.

Options: a range of helmets and bump caps.

Breathing

Hazards: dust, vapour, gas, oxygen-deficient atmospheres.

Options: disposable filtering facepiece or respirator, half- or full-face respirators, air-fed helmets, breathing apparatus.

Protecting the body

Hazards: temperature extremes, adverse weather, chemical or metal splash, spray from pressure leaks or spray guns, impact or penetration, contaminated dust, excessive wear or entanglement of own clothing.

Options: conventional or disposable overalls, boiler suits, specialist protective clothing, eg chain-mail aprons, high-visibility clothing.

Hands and arms

Hazards: abrasion, temperature extremes, cuts and punctures, impact, chemicals, electric shock, skin infection, disease or contamination.

Options: gloves, gauntlets, mitts, wristcuffs, armlets.

Feet and legs

Hazards: wet, electrostatic build-up, slipping, cuts and punctures, falling objects, metal and chemical splash, abrasion.

Options: safety boots and shoes with protective toe caps and penetration-resistant mid-sole, gaiters, leggings, spats.

Training

Make sure anyone using PPE is aware of why it is needed, when it is to be used, repaired or replaced and its limitations.
Train and instruct people how to use it properly and make sure they are doing this.
Because PPE is the last resort after other methods of protection have been considered, it is important that users wear it all the time they are exposed to the risk. Never allow exemptions for those jobs which take ‘just a few minutes’.
Check regularly that PPE is being used and investigate fully any reasons why it is not. Safety signs can be useful reminders to wear PPE.

Maintenance

Make sure equipment is:

well looked after and properly stored when it is not being used, for example in a dry, clean cupboard, or in the case of smaller items, such as eye protection, in a box or case;
kept clean and in good repair - follow the manufacturer’s maintenance schedule (including recommended replacement periods and shelf lives). Simple maintenance can be carried out by the trained wearer, but more intricate repairs should only be done by specialists.

Make sure suitable replacement PPE is always readily available.

CE marking (for Europe)

Ensure any PPE you buy is ‘CE’ marked and complies with the requirements of the Personal Protective Equipment Regulations 2002. The CE marking signifies that the

PPE satisfies certain basic safety requirements and in some cases will have been tested and certified by an independent body.

Key points to remember

Are there ways (other than PPE) in which the risk can be adequately controlled, eg engineering controls? If not, check that:

PPE is provided;
it offers adequate protection for its intended use;
those using it are adequately trained in its safe use;
it is properly maintained and any defects are reported;
it is returned to its proper storage after use.

source: HSE

Six element of Ergonomics program

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6 Langkah dalam melaksanakan Program Ergonomi ditempat Kerja adalah

Management Commitment

Management sebagai pengambil keputusan harus memiliki komitmen dalam mendukung terlaksananya program Ergonomi dengan menyediakan segala kebutuhan dalam menerapkan program tersebut. Anda juga harus dapat menyakinkan ke managemen tentang betapa pentingnya program ini dilakukan.

Contoh: Kebijakan Perusahaan; Membuat Prosedur; Membuat proposal tentang program ergonomi.

Hazard Information & Reporting

Anda harus membuat system yang mempermudah pekerja dalam pelaporkan adanya tanda atau gejala MSD, ini berguna untuk melakukan respon yang tepat dan cepat.

Contoh: Pengembangan sistem database antara Medical Operator (RS/Clinic Perusahaan dengan SHE personal (Industrial Hygiene). Beberapa software yang bisa dipergunakan adalah Microsoft Access; Medgate; Ellipse; dsb

Assessment

Setelah informasi mengenai MSD didapat/dilaporkan maka selanjutnya dilakukan analisa mengenai permasalahan tersebut untuk mengetahui faktor resiko ergonomi yang dapat menimbulkan terjadinya MSD. Ini bisa dilakukan dengan membuat hierarki control

Contoh: dengan melakukan JHA (Job Hazard Analysis)

Form JHA

Langkah Kerja	Kemungkinan Bahaya / Deskripsi Event	Tingkat Resiko	Antisipasi / Tindakan Perbaikan

Education

Selain kita membuat materi training secara general (sesuai dengan bahaya umum di suatu lokasi kerja/perusahaan) diperlukan juga “Area Specific Hazard Training” maksudnya dengan memberikan materi yang lebih detail kepada pekerja. (misalnya yang di area kerjanya memiliki resiko terjadinya MSD dilakukan training ergonomic)

Contoh: Annual refresher training untuk semua pekerja, Spesific hazard Training untuk pekerja diarea tertentu, dsb

MSD Management

Anda harus merespon segera terhadap kondisi pekerja yang beresiko MSD untuk mencegah kondisi mereka semakin buruk. Berikan mereka akses yang mudah ke “health care professional” untuk melakukan konsultasi dan mendapatkan rekomendasi yang tepat.

Contoh: Adanya dokter perusahan (Occupational Health Doctor), harus dipastikan bahwa dokter yang bersangkutan sudah berpengalaman dalam permasalahan kesehatan di lingkungan kerja, permasalahan ini pernah dialami penulis ketika dokter OH-nya sangat kesulitan memberikan rekomendasi karena kurangnya informasi tentang kesehatan kerja.

Program Evaluation.

Perlunya dilakukan evaluasi secara periodik terhadap program ergonomik paling sedikit 3 tahun sekali. Ini berguna untuk menyakinkan bahwa program yang telah dibuat sesuai dengan kebutuhan perkembangan perusahaan.

Contoh: Review Prosedur secara berkala

*MSD =Musculoskeletal Disorder

Dangerous Goods Class

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Dangerous Goods are grouped in nine classes, according to common dangers. All classes, except infectious substances (Class 6.2) and radioactive substances (Class 7), are controlled by the Dangerous Goods Act 1985.

Each class has a distinctive diamond-shaped symbol with the class number at the bottom of the diamond. These symbols appear on the labels of containers and as signs on vehicle loads. The internationally recognised symbols clearly identify the type of substance and the main danger.

Class Diamond System
Symbol	Class	Main Danger
	1	Substances or articles used to produce explosions. (eg. gunpowder, gelignite)
	2.1	Can ignite in air on contact with a source of ignition. (eg. LPG)
	2.2	Non flammable and non toxic, but may cause suffocation. (eg. carbon dioxide, nitrogen)
	2.3	Likely to cause death or serious injury if inhaled. (eg. chlorine, ammonia)
	3	Vapours from these liquids can ignite in air on contact with a source of ignition. (eg. petrol, kerosene)
	4.1	Easily ignited by external sources, such as sparks and flames. (eg. sulfur, matches)
	4.2	Likely to heat spontaneously and ignite. (eg. activated carbon, white phosphorus)
	4.3	Produce dangerous quantities of flammable or toxic gases when in contact with water. The heat from this reaction may cause these gases to spontaneously ignite. (eg. calcium carbide sodium)
	5.1	Not necessarily combustible by themselves, but may yeild oxygen which increases the risk and intensity of fire in other materials with which they come into contact. (eg. calcium hypochlorite, ammonium nitrate)
	5.2	Thermally unstable and likely to react dangerously with other substances. (eg. benzoyl peroxide, MEKP)
	6	Likely to cause death or serious injury if swallowed, inhaled or brought into contact with skin. (eg. sodium cyanide, many pesticides)
	7	Materials or combinations of materials that emit harmful radiation. (eg. uranium, radium)
	8	Solids or liquids that can damage living tissue, and may react with many other materials. (eg. hydrochloric acid, caustic soda)
	9	Substances and articles that present a danger and not covered by other classes. (eg. dry ice, asbestos)
		Mixed Class Label (for road transport)

ANSI Color Codes

2007-07-13T23:09:00.000-07:00

Why are the ANSI color codes important? What does the yellow background mean?

The yellow background signifies that the piping may handle hazardous material. Unfortunately, much has changed in the typical plant over the last 70 years since this standard was originally conceived. The basic standard can be traced to the 1920's and use in the US military. Obviously, our definitions for what is "hazardous" has changed. Water, air or carbon dioxide, under certain situations (pressure, heat, mixture with other chemicals) are not always benign. How do we interpret, for example, materials that should be used for "fire quenching" that are also "hazardous"? Should we use the red or the yellow ANSI scheme? Or, how do we label a pipe that carries both the liquid (which should be green) and gas form of a chemical (which should be blue)?

Hazards, in other words, are not so easily defined. "Hazardous" may mean that the material is hazardous to a person nearby, or to the operation of the overall plant itself. Could "hazardous" mean that the materials flowing through the process piping, if not handled carefully, could contaminate the product. Or, if leaked into the atmosphere, could the chemical infect the environment or cause damage to employees after cumulative exposure over a period of years? Clearly, the ANSI standard was written for far simpler times.

Color	Std	Meaning	Example
Red	APWA	Electric Power Lines, Cables, Conduit and Lighting Cables	Buried High Voltage Line
Yellow	APWA	Gas, Oil, Steam, Petroleum or Gaseous Materials	Natural Gas Distribution Line
Orange	APWA	Communication, Alarm or Signal Lines, Cables or Conduit	Buried Fiber Optic Cable
Blue	APWA	Water, Irrigation and Slurry Lines	Buried Water Line
Green	APWA	Sewers, Drain Line	Buried Storm Sewer Line
Red	Traffic	Prohibition	STOP, Yield
Orange	Traffic	Temporary Work Zone	Construction Zone Ahead
Yellow	Traffic	Caution	Merge Ahead, Slow
Blue	Traffic	Information Signs	Hospital
Brown	Traffic	Historical or Park	Picnic Area Ahead
Green	Traffic	Directional Signs	Exit 1 Mile, Go
Red	ANSI Sign	Danger Signs, Highest Hazard	Hazardous Voltage Will Cause Death
Orange	ANSI Sign	Warning Signs, Medium Hazard	Hazardous Voltage May Cause Death
Yellow	ANSI Sign	Caution Signs, Lowest Hazard	Turn Machine Off When Not In Use
Blue	ANSI Sign	Notice Signs	Employees Only
Green	ANSI Sign	Safety First Signs	Wear Ear Plugs
Red	ANSI Pipe	Fire Quenching Materials	Fire Protection Water
Yellow	ANSI Pipe	Materials Inherently Hazardous	Chlorine
Blue	ANSI Pipe	Materials of Inherently Low Hazard, Gas	Compressed Air
Green	ANSI Pipe	Materials of Inherently Low Hazard, Liquid	Storm Drain
Blue/Red/Yellow	NFPA 701	Blue is used for Health Hazards, Red for Flammability and Yellow for reactivity

NSI Color Code for Thermocouple and Thermocouple Extension Wire
ANSI Symbol	Wire Alloys	Polarity	Thermocouple Wire Color		T/C Extension Wire Color
ANSI Symbol	Wire Alloys	Polarity	Individual	Jacket	Individual	Jacket
J	Iron Constantan(TM)	+JP -JN	White Red	Brown	White Red	Black
K	CHROMEL®* ALUMEL®*	+KP -KN	Yellow Red	Brown	Yellow Red	Yellow
T	Copper Constantan(TM)	+TP -TN	Blue Red	Brown	Blue Red	Blue
E	CHROMEL®* Constantan(TM)	+EP -EN	Purple Red	Brown	Purple Red	Purple
N	Nicrosil(TM) Nisil(TM)	+NP -NN	Orange Red	Brown	Orange Red	Orange
RSX	Copper Copper Alloy	+RSP -RSN	-	-	Black Red	Green
BX	PCLW630/Copper Copper	+BP -BN	-	-	Grey Red	Grey
W3X W5X	Alloy 203; Alloy 405 Alloy 225; Alloy 426	+WP -WN	-	-	White/Red Red	White/Red

* CHROMEL® and ALUMEL® are registered rademarks of Hoskins Manufacturing Company. PMC Corporation reserves the right to substitute equivalent product to CHROMEL® and ALUMEL® at any time.
For additional information see Bare Wire Data Sheet

Variations in color-coding standards are inevitable in our complex plant and pluralistic society. While laudable, harmonization of color-codes, then, will be very difficult to achieve. Many plants use other color-coding; for example, color-code each system (i.e. Lube Oil is brown, Condensate is green, etc.>) or color code by Unit (i.e. Unit 1 is yellow, Unit 2 is blue, etc.). For most plants, we recommend either the ANSI pipe marker color codes or simply black on yellow markers. For more complex plants, we recommend a color-coding by system. For all environments, we recommend the inclusion of RTK information on the valve or on the pipe.

Handling and Storage of Chemicals

2007-07-13T23:02:00.000-07:00

1.0 Introduction

This policy has been developed to offer guidance to staff and students on safety and safe practices which apply to working with all types of chemical substances.

Very few chemicals are completely harmless and all chemicals should be considered as being potentially hazardous and harmful to health in some way if they are used without the proper precautions. Most chemicals can be handled using simple methods providing basic principles are understood.

When planning to use any chemical, take time to think, as ten seconds or ten minutes spent in weighing up the risks could save an injury - plan the work and find out the hazards and properties of the chemical. There is nothing wrong in seeking additional information and there are many reference books available, particularly in the Chemistry Library. If staff have not had experience in handling hazardous substances they should first contact their supervisor or School Safety Officer, Safety and Health Office or the Director of University Health Services for advice and guidance.

Control strategies which need to be considered when using hazardous chemicals are;

Engineering and design controls such as

elimination - is the chemical really required?
substitution - can it be substituted with a less hazardous chemical?
isolation or enclosure - can the process and persons be separated?
ventilation - used to control airborne contamination.

Human behaviour controls such as

training - users need to understand and appreciate the hazard;
supervision - essential to maintain safe systems of work;
monitoring - may be necessary to ensure risks are under control;
personal protective equipment - the final measure to be used.

Safety Guidelines

The following guidelines provide a minimum standard for the protection of persons and property when using chemical substances:

Personal Protection

Wear safety spectacles and appropriate personal protective equipment;
Food and drink must not be taken into or consumed in an area where chemicals are handled or stored;
Smoking is prohibited;
Reactions in which a toxic or flammable material is being used or is likely to be produced should be carried out in a fume cupboard;
Hazardous chemical substances must not be stored, prepared or used unless the area is properly equipped for those materials;
First Aid equipment must be provided and its position known to the occupiers of the area.

General Protection

Fire precautions must be suited to the chemical substances in use;
Burners or flames must not be left alight in unattended areas - use electric heating or steam baths where possible;
Cylinders of compressed and liquefied gases must be turned off at the cylinder valve when not in use and wherever possible separated from sources of heat;
Any service (water, electricity etc.) that is required to be left in use while it is unattended must carry a signed and dated notice which advises "PLEASE LEAVE ON" and after hours contact details;
Adequate instruction must be displayed so that in an emergency, the process can be safely stopped;
Gas cylinders must be firmly anchored to the bench or wall and must only be moved with trolleys specifically designed for the purpose;
Damaged apparatus must be placed so as not to be a danger to other workers;
Winchesters must only be transported in properly designed carriers;
Running or boisterous behaviour in laboratories and workshops is forbidden.

Fire Protection

With fires or other potentially hazardous situations, if in doubt, get out and raise the appropriate alarm.

There are five classes of fires. The different types of portable fire extinguishers and kinds of fires on which they may be used are:

Class A- Fires involving carbonaceous solids - use water, foam or dry chemical type extinguishers.

Class B- Fires involving flammable liquids - use dry chemical, foam or carbon dioxide type extinguishers.

Class C- Fires involving flammable gases - attempt to turn off gas if safe to do so. Evacuate.

Class D- Fires involving combustible metals - specialist advice required but smothering with sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate is suitable.

Class E- Electrical Hazards - use carbon dioxide or dry powder types. NEVER use water.

Fire blankets and a supply of dry sand or vermiculite should also be available in all laboratories and workshops.

Personnel should familiarise themselves with the location and type(s) of fire extinguisher(s) in their workplace, and should be given regular demonstrations by their School Safety Officer in the use of fire extinguishers and attend the regular emergency evacuation lectures by Safety and Health Office staff.

Classification of Chemicals

Any chemical substance is primarily classified by its physical state as either solid, liquid or gas.

A chemical may enter the body in one of the following ways:

by ingestion;
by absorption through the skin;
by inhalation;
by injection.

Once in the body the chemical may be:

stored in body organs or tissues
metabolised to either a more harmful or less harmful substance;
excreted from the body either unchanged or as a metabolite;

Different chemicals cause a wide range of health effects. The various chemical groups are

acute poisons where a short exposure causes an immediate effect;
chronic toxins which cause harm due to prolonged exposure;
corrosive chemicals or irritants which usually affect mucous membranes (mouth, nose, throat, lungs);
allergins or sensitisers which cause a change in the bodys reaction to that substance, so that subsequent exposure causes a reaction, such as dermatitis or asthma;
carcinogens which are chemicals capable of producing cancer;
mutagens which alter the genetic code of cells and can cause mutations; and
teratogens which affect the growth of the fertilised egg and embryo, also causing mutations;

General Laboratory Practice

Technological advances and the implementation of new methods in recent years have considerably increased basic safety in many laboratories.

Laboratory Organisation

Good house-keeping is essential in accident prevention in all workplaces but especially in laboratories. Benches should be kept tidy and walkways clear. All bottles should be clearly labelled and fitted with stoppers or lids when not in use.

Adequate clamping and framework must be used when erecting apparatus and if for any reason work has to be carried out above head height a platform must be constructed with safe access thereto.

Warning signs should be placed in areas clearly visible to all laboratory personnel.

All accidents and hazards must be reported at once in accordance with the recognised University accident reporting procedure (See Section 1, Appendix 3).

Safety Equipment

Priority should always be given to eliminating or reducing hazards either by substitution of less hazardous materials, less hazardous processes or by engineering controls eg. ventilation, containment.

Where hazards cannot be eliminated, personal protective equipment must be worn. Although due care should be exercised at all times when using chemicals, the protection of the individual from the result of error in procedure or technique is still necessary. The type of protection will depend upon the task undertaken but it is important to remember that protective devices do not eliminate hazards - they only minimise the effects.

Eye protection

Eye protection must be worn at all times whenever chemicals are handled or when glass apparatus is evacuated or recharged with gas or taken above atmospheric pressure.

Normal eye protection should take the form of wrap around poly-carbonate goggles or safety spectacles with side shields, Safety spectacles are now available that are comfortable, lightweight and stylish but combine high impact resistant lenses. A half or full face visor may be necessary for some jobs.

Whenever a chemical process is being undertaken in conjunction with the use of lasers, ultra-violet radiation or other intense light, specialised eye protection is required. Details are available from the Radiation Protection Office.

Contact lenses are dangerous in laboratories and should not be worn unless they are essential for therapeutic reasons. If they are worn then a face shield must also be worn. Gases and vapours can become concentrated and immobilised under the lenses and cause serious eye damage. If chemical splashes occur, it is almost impossible to remove the lenses to irrigate the eye thoroughly. Soft lenses are especially dangerous, as even behind a face shield, they may absorb vapours and stick to the eye.

Gloves

Plastic gloves of a suitable weight are essential laboratory equipment. They should be worn when strong acids, strong alkalis and organic liquids and other chemicals which may be absorbed across the skin are being handled. They may also act as an effective barrier to chemicals which may be dermal sensitisers. It should be noted that various types of gloves can be pervious to some chemicals.

Clothing

Laboratory coats should always be used since they offer a good first line of defence in an accident situation and can readily be removed in a hurry. Care should be taken in the selection of the type of laboratory coat - light cotton with ribbed close fitting sleeve cuffs is recommended; nylon is not recommended as it is easily destroyed by heat; synthetic fibres offer poor protection against liquids by allowing passage through the material with little or no absorption.

Footwear

Because of the possibility of chemical spills and glass breakage, enclosed footwear is essential. Thongs and sandals shall not be worn in a laboratory.

Respirators

Respirators appropriate to the chemical in use, particularly gases, should always be made available. However, they should be viewed as a second line of defence for use in an emergency and must not be used as standard day-to-day equipment. Beards do not allow respirators to fit properly. Persons with beards attempting to use respirators may end up inhaling hazardous airborne materials.

Other Personal Protection

For the more toxic chemicals, complete body protection may be desirable. Such items as rubber boots, leggings, plastic or rubber aprons and arm length gloves may be required.

In some instances, a process may require the full and unimpaired use of the hands as well as protection and suitable barrier creams may be employed. These however must be chosen with great care as they are unsuitable for all situations.

Adequate ventilation of laboratories is essential!

Fume cupboards are the most commonly used means of removing gases, dusts, mists vapours and fumes from laboratory operations thereby minimising the toxic exposure and flammable concentrations.

To be effective, the fume cupboard and its associated components must confine the contaminants within the cupboard, remove them through the ductwork and ensure that they do not return to the building via the fresh air supply systems (mechanical or natural).

The air velocity across the fume cupboard face is the basic requirement for the capture and control of contaminants and an intake velocity of 0.5 metres per second with the sash fully opened is required.

For storage of chemicals requiring continuous ventilation, particularly organic solvents, special fire resistant storage cabinets should be used. In some cases, these storage cabinets may be exhausted by being connected into the exhaust duct from a continuously operating fume cupboard. However, in most cases a separate exhaust system is required.

Local exhaust ventilation works by capturing the contaminants near their point of release and removing them from the operator’s breathing zone. Common types include extraction fans and exhaust hoods.

Australian Standard AS2243, Part 8 - 1992 Safety in Laboratories, Fume Cupboards, is the accepted reference for information on all aspects of fume cupboard operations. The following is a summary of the major requirements given in the standard:

1. Requires a uniform face velocity with an average value of 0.5 metres per second

2. Transparent, easily moveable horizontally sliding or vertically rising sash;

3. Minimum sash opening to limit the face velocity and to ensure an adequate air flow to dilute the exhaust of heat and fumes generated within the cupboard. The maximum sash opening for safe working should be clearly marked;

4. Provision of fume scrubbers or wash down facilities if the fume cupboard is to be used for procedures involving perchloric acid digestion or other large scale digestions or evaporations using aggressive acids;

5. All controls for services to be colour coded and placed on the outer surface of the fume cupboard;

6. Reduction of turbulence within the fume cupboard by aerodynamic leading edges and aerofoils;

7. Regular six-monthly maintenance check and testing of face velocity.

2.0 Legislation

The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984 refers to the duty of manufacturers, importers and suppliers to provide toxicological data and other such data as is relevant to the safe handling, use, processing, storage transportation and disposal of substances provided by them. (Section 23 (3)).

In addition a number of different Acts and Regulations endeavour to control other aspects of chemical usage in Western Australia and this University is obliged to comply with the relevant parts of the following legislation:

Dangerous Goods (Road Transport) Regulations (1983)
Environmental Protection Act (1986)
Explosive Regulations (1963)
Explosives and Dangerous Goods Act (1961)
Flammable Liquids Act (1967)
Health Act (1911)
Pesticide Regulations (1956)
Poisons Act (1964) and Regulations (1965)
Radiation Safety Act (1975) and Regulations (1986)

Handling of Chemicals

Handling of chemicals must be carried out with great care and the following procedures shall be observed:

1. Obtain and read the manufacturer’s material safety data sheet (MSDS) for every chemical used;

2. Use the minimum amount of any chemical and if there is a choice, use the least toxic or least flammable substances;

3. Clearly label all containers and include a standard warning label as necessary. Always carry out correct storage and disposal procedures:

4. Lock scheduled drugs and poisons in a cupboard;

5. Use correct handling methods, protective devices and clothing required for the particular substance;

6. Find out beforehand the correct treatment, in the case of an accident, for the harmful effects of hazardous materials;

7. Wash hands after handling chemicals.

In addition the following procedures should always be observed:

NEVER allow toxic materials to get into the mouth or touch the lips;
NEVER pipette solutions by mouth;
NEVER put bottles of acids or alkalis on high shelves;
NEVER pour water into concentrated acids;
NEVER sniff at possibly toxic materials;
NEVER store any flammable solvent in a domestic refrigerator unless the storage compartment has been modified to ensure it is non-sparking;
NEVER work alone if performing hazardous procedures.

Spillage of chemicals should be dealt with immediately. The method employed will depend upon the type of material spilt and the surface on which it has been spilt.

Flammable and explosive vapours should be prevented from spreading and the area isolated or evacuated if necessary.

For liquid spills, the area should be roped off as someone may be unaware of the spill and could slip on the floor with subsequent injury.

Compressed and Liquefied Gases

Gases in laboratories and workshops are stored in three ways:

1. High pressure cylinders. eg. oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, methane.

2. Liquefied or dissolved gases in cylinders under pressure. eg propane, ethylene, acetylene, chlorine, ammonia, sulphur dioxide.

3. Liquefied gases in very low temperature jacketed containers at 1 atmosphere pressure. eg. air, oxygen, nitrogen, neon.

Gas Cylinders

1. All operations should be carried out with the cylinder in an upright position either in a cylinder stand or secured in a holder with a ring and chain. It may be hazardous to lay the cylinder on the floor since if the valve is dislodged the cylinder may become a projectile.

2. Cylinders which are dropped must not be used as the connections or valves may be damaged.

3. Full cylinders should be separated from empty ones. Empty cylinders should be left with a slightly positive pressure and the cylinder valve closed and marked MT with the date.

4. Gas cylinders must not be allowed to become hot.

5. Cylinder valves should be opened carefully and be unscrewed more than two or three turns but never fully opened.

6. Faulty valves, regulators and pressure gauges must not be used. If the gas in the cylinder is corrosive or poisonous, adequate precautions should be taken before it is used and the equipment for an emergency should be readily available, eg. respirator, breathing apparatus. Never use oil or grease on valves or gauges.

7. Oxygen cylinders shall be stored separately from cylinders containing acetylene or other combustible gases

Only personnel suitably instructed or trained in the correct procedure should handle the liquid gases: nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, air or solid carbon dioxide.

Liquefied Gases

1. Containers

Liquefied gases at atmospheric pressure are contained in vacuum-jacketed vessels or, if they boil at very low temperatures, with a guard jacket of liquid nitrogen surrounding them.

2. Transfer

If the boiling point of the gas is below that of liquid air, care must be taken in transferring the liquid from stock to the apparatus, ie. into a Dewar-type vessel or a cryostat. A vacuum-jacketed syphon must be used; if the gas is poured from the container a plug of solid air may form in the outlet. These operations may be taken only after consultation with the suppliers of the liquefied gas. It is sometimes convenient to transfer liquid oxygen or nitrogen from its container by pressurisation. This may be done safely if the appropriate dry gas is used and if appropriate precautions to prevent over pressure of the containing vessel are taken.

3. Empties

Containers of liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen should not be completely emptied; occasionally they should be allowed to warm up to ambient temperature and they should be purged with dry nitrogen.

4. Spills

If liquid nitrogen is spilled, the surrounding atmosphere will not support life. Spilled liquid oxygen will greatly increase the risk of fire. If liquid hydrogen or methane is spilled, a flammable or explosive mixture will result; if a fire starts, treat it as for a petrol fire.

5. Use of Liquid Nitrogen

Traps open to air at atmospheric pressure must not be placed where they can be cooled by liquid nitrogen. Liquid nitrogen is sufficiently cold to condense air enriched in oxygen from the atmosphere and quite large quantities of liquid air may accumulate in an open vessel cooled by liquid nitrogen. The liquid oxygen will evaporate vigorously if the coolant is removed.

6. Use of Liquid Oxygen

Liquid oxygen must not be allowed to mix with flammable material as a high-potential hazard will result.

7. Use of Dry Ice

Large quantities of dry ice should not be used in a confined space unless adequate forced ventilation is provided. Dry ice must never be handled with bare hands or cloth gloves as a severe burn may result.

8. Use of Other Gases

Instructions for handling liquid hydrogen, helium, argon and methane should be sought from the suppliers; any experimental work should be based on their advice. It is common practice to put liquefied gases into "Dewar" flasks. Ensure that such flasks are taped or boxed to guard against implosion.

Agricultural Chemicals

Special chemical hazards in the form of pesticides are occasionally encountered by the grounds staff and some personnel in the Faculty of Agriculture and Schools of Botany and Zoology.

Recognised pesticides include a wide variety of chemical types, some of which are stable while others break down under certain environmental conditions, eg. water, temperature. The term 'pesticide" includes any substance or mixture of substances intended for prevention or control of any unwanted species of plant or animal, or for use as a plant-growth regulator, defoliant or desiccant. It includes the following categories;

* fungicide

* rodenticide

* herbicide

* veterinary chemicals

* insecticide

Inhalation and skin absorption are the most common routes of entry. Inhaled pesticides are almost completely absorbed by the lungs and risk is increased when a pesticide is used in a confined space, eg. glass house. The appropriate respiratory protection device must be used - cartridge or canister respirators and supplied air devices. Respiratory protection is not effective for persons with beards. This apparatus should be checked frequently for deterioration and following use should be washed thoroughly with soap and water. Organic solvents must not be used to clean these respirators.

Most of the commonly used pesticides may be absorbed through the skin. Protective clothing is necessary (overalls, disposable gloves, waterproof boots and a face shield) and is compulsory when using organochlorine pesticides (eg. dieldrin, lindane and heptachlor) and organophosphorous pesticides (eg. malathion and parathion). Any cuts or abrasions should be covered with waterproof dressing.

Containers must be clearly labelled showing their contents, instructions for use and safety procedures. Supervisors should hold copies of the suppliers or manufacturers safety data sheets.

Pesticides should be kept in separate locked storage facilities with access restricted to responsible and informed persons.

Following treatment with a pesticide, warning notices should be displayed showing the name of the pesticide, date of application, safe re-entry date and the name of the responsible officer. All equipment, including tractors, must be appropriately de-contaminated at a suitable site.

Detailed requirements for the handling and storage of pesticides are contained in Australian Standards AS2507 - 1981, a copy of which is available in the Physical Sciences Library and the Pesticides Regulations 1956 (WA).

Photographic Chemicals

Persons who work in photographics laboratories and dark rooms come into contact with a large number of chemicals many of which are hazardous.

Principles of safety in laboratories extend to photographic work.

Measurement and Monitoring

If there is a possibility of a significant exposure to a hazardous substance then monitoring is required. Since the most likely route of entry into the body is by inhalation, measurement of air-borne contaminants is an important procedure.

The most widely adopted unit of measurement is the threshold limit value, TLV, which is an indication of the concentration to which a person can be continually exposed during a normal working 8 hour day. The unit is expressed in parts per million in air (ppm) or milligrams per cubic metre of air (mg/m3).

Air monitoring is done in several ways.

Fixed Point Monitoring

A sensor or collecting device is placed in a fixed position in the workplace;
Samples are taken continuously or at regular intervals;

Personal Sampling

Individuals wear either a badge (passive monitoring) or a charcoal tube and a small pump (active monitoring);
Analysis is carried out in the laboratory;
The contaminant collected by the badge or tube is an indication of the amount being inhaled;
Wearing of the tube and pump can be a nuisance so this method is only used as a means of checking the relevance of fixed point monitoring;
Badges have been shown to be widely inaccurate.

Grab Sampling

A known volume of workplace air is drawn by a small hand pump through a glass containing a test chemical;
The extent of discolouration of the test chemical indicates the amount of pollution present;
The discolouration extends down the tube which is calibrated in parts per million of contaminant;
Tubes are available for a large range of chemicals (>200).

Storage of Chemicals

All chemicals must be stored under appropriate conditions as specified in AS 1940 and AS 2243.10. The storage area should be located some distance from any work area and only minimal quantities of chemicals sufficient for the task being undertaken should be kept at the workplace.

Amounts of flammable solvents should be restricted to minimum quantities necessary and stored in fire resistant cabinets. Glass bottles containing liquid chemicals must be stored on properly secured shelves or in sectioned crates. Do not allow direct sunlight onto reagent bottles.

Do not store chemicals on high shelves or leave loose on the floor.

Dissimilar reactive materials must be kept separated. It is undesirable to store the following in proximity to one another:

Strong acids, bases, oxidising and reducing agents;
Strong acids with ammonia;
Perchloric acid with alcohol or oils:
Nitric acid with alcohol or acetone;
Hydrogen peroxide with organics (particularly acetone);
Benzoyl peroxide or sodium peroxide with organics;
Permanganate with glycerols, glycols or other organics.

BEWARE! The use of plastic containers for some chemicals is not recommended.

Volatile flammables and other dangerous chemicals should not be stored on the shelves or in the door of refrigerators. If refrigerated storage is necessary for these types of chemicals then the refrigerator storage compartment must be fitted with spark-free and explosion-proof controls and the chemicals must be neatly stored (in minimal quantities) on the main shelves. It is recommended that only spark free refrigerators be used in laboratory areas.

Note:University Schools located at the QE II Medical Centre should refer to the current procedures for chemical storage in relation to the hazardous chemical and bulk chemical stores located on the QE II site.

Workshops

The safety code already given for laboratories also applies to workshops. There are however additional points in relation to chemical safety which are particularly relevant to workshops.

These include;

1. Harmful or potentially harmful processes should be carried out using properly designed and well maintained equipment and where practicable in separate areas restricted to a minimum or persons;

2. If harmful concentrations of fumes or gases develop in certain processes, specific provision should be made for their extraction using local exhaust ventilation in addition to the general ventilation of the workshop;

3. Provision should be made to afford protection against chemical agencies such as harmful dusts, mists, vapours;

4. Chemicals bearing trade names should not be used unless the supplier or manufacturer provides a material safety data sheet giving full information on the precautions which need to be taken when handling the chemical;

5. The possibility of toxic or flammable gases existing or being generated should be indicated by proximately displayed notices.

Requirements and precautions to be taken for specific workshop processes are detailed in Australian Standard AS1485 - 1983, Safety and Health in Workrooms of Educational Establishments (Section 10). A copy of which is available for reference in the Mathematics and Physical Sciences (FIZ) library.

Some of the more important aspects of hazardous workshop processes are:

Solvent Degreasing

The following solvents are permitted for use in workshops:

Trichloroethane

This should always be used in a fume cupboard and only for small scale operations;

Trichloroethylene & Perchloroethylene

These should only be used in equipment specifically designed and in a well ventilated area free from draught. These solvents have anaesthetic properties and are harmful when inhaled or on contact with the skin producing:

Headaches, nausea, vomiting, mental confusion, visual disturbances and even unconsciousness;
Dermatitis.

Caustic alkalis MUST NOT be used with trichloroethylene or perchloroethylene as they produce an explosive mixture.

The following MUST NOT be used with trichloroethylene or perchloroethylene as they can produce an explosive mixture.

Aluminium
Ozone
Barium
Potassium Hydroxide
Lithium
Potassium Nitrate
Magnesium
Sodium
Liquid Oxygen
Sodium Hydroxide
Nitrogen Tetroxide
Titanium

The use of solvents having either high flammability or high toxicity for use in solvent degreasing operations is not recommended. Such solvents include:

petrol, alcohol, kerosene, ketones and esters (high flammability);
benzene, carbon tetrachloride (high toxicity)

Solvent degreasing processes using flammable solvents shall not be carried out near open flames or electric heaters.

Spillages should be mopped up with rags or by absorbing in sawdust, dry sand or earth and removing to an open space. Incinerators MUST NOT be used.

Electroplating and Anodising

The floor of any electroplating area should be of impervious material and chemically resistant to the substances used in the electroplating process.

Tanks must be clearly labelled 'POISON' or 'CORROSIVE' and show the names of the chemical constituents.

Special ventilation provisions apply to chromium and cadmium plating baths (see Section 10.5.3 in AS1485 - 1986).

The relevant authorities should be consulted to determine any special arrangements for disposal of waste.

Spray painting and Coating

All spray painting should be done in a properly constructed and mechanically ventilated booth. The spray area in which all operations and personnel need to be properly supervised is defined as the area within the booth and within 3 metres of the entrances to any booth.

Anyone engaged in or exposed to spray painting of lead paint, silica paint or epoxy resin must wear suitable protective clothing and head covering.

The following substances are prohibited for use in spray painting operations:

Carbon bisulphide and carbon tetrachloride;
Tetrachloroethane;
Arsenic or any of its compounds;
Any compound containing >1% benzene or methanol.

The following substances may be used:

Amyl, methyl amyl and n-butyl acetates;
Mineral turpentine;
Toluene and xylene.

Welding and Soldering

Many materials and coatings give off toxic fumes during welding. These include galvanised iron and compounds of cadmium, lead, zinc and many similar metals.

Inhalation of fumes can be avoided if the following precautions are observed:

· Use the least toxic material or process practicable

· Ensure there is adequate ventilation in the form of a moveable exhaust hood or if not available, an appropriate respiratory protective device should be used.

First Aid

This section is not meant to be a complete first aid guide; only the essential points are given. With chemicals prompt action is often essential.

Heat and Chemical Burns to Body

· If clothing is on fire, lay person down immediately to stop the spread of the flames;

· Put out the flames by rolling the person in a blanket or by immediately holding them under a shower if one is available;

· Ask someone to contact the nearest first aid officer to give treatment. A list of first aid personnel is given in the first section of this manual;

· Do not attempt to pull away clothing or remove any substance which has burnt into the skin.

Chemical Burns to Eyes

These injuries require instant treatment:

Irrigate the eyes with water under the tap or direct into the eye(s) a stream of water from a wash bottle - do this for at least 20 minutes;

Make no attempt to touch the eye(s) or remove any particles from it.

Persons with eye injuries should be transported to the Emergency Department at Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital.

Acute Poisoning (by ingestion)

Treatment depends upon the nature of the substance swallowed, but generally:

Seek medical aid urgently (Ph: 2222 - main Crawley Campus);
Do not induce vomiting;
Give copious amounts of water or milk;
Wipe the substance away from the mouth and face.

Vomiting should only be induced if the poison is a medicinal substance - SYRUP OF IPECACUANHA should be given, if available, to achieve this.

Special Hazards

Acids

For skin and eyes, wash copiously with water for at least 20 minutes.

If acid has entered mouth, wash with water and a dilute solution of sodium bicarbonate. If swallowed, give water and milk of magnesia and then magnesium carbonate solution.

Oxalic Acid

If swallowed, administer chalk in water or magnesium carbonate solution.

Hydrofluoric Acid

Rapidly remove all contaminated clothing. Flush affected area with large quantities of cold water. Apply CALCIUM GLUCONATE GEL on and around the burn. Remove the patient to hospital, continuing the treatment in transit for at least fifteen minutes after pain ceases.

Narcotic Vapours - Volatile Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

Remove contaminated clothing, lie the person down and keep the person warm. Oxygen may be required and artificial respiration given if breathing stops.

Cyanide and Hydrocyanic Acid

Speed is essential. There is no approved First Aid for cyanide poisoning that can be performed by non-qualified personnel. Oxygen should be administered by a First Aid Officer qualified in oxygen resuscitation. Ring for an ambulance and also call Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Emergency Department (9346 2396) to inform them that a patient suffering cyanide poisoning will be arriving by ambulance.

University Accident and Hazard Reporting System

The University accident and hazard reporting system utilises several forms each to be used in different circumstances. These forms should be available in each School and obtainable from the School Safety Officer, School Administrative Officer or Technical Administrative Officer

Radiation Protection

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Radiation Protection is an applied discipline. The purpose is to define the limits within which some human activities with potentially harmful consequence may safely be carried out.

All classified workers should have valid licence / certificate issued by, Radiation Protection Department of Ministry of Health. At least two classified persons should be employed on every radiography job (One radiographer and the other an assistant with sufficient knowledge in safe working).

The protection against exposure to source of radiation depends upon the following factors:

A) Keeping longer safe working distance from the source of radiation as far as possible.

B) Minimise the duration of radiation exposure by careful planning & execution.

C) Interposing attenuating (protective) high dense barriers such as lead sheet, steel objects etc between the source of radiation and the operator during exposure.

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DOSE (MPLS)

EXPOSED PART OF THE BODY	RADIATION WORKERS (CLASSIFIED) (DESIGNATED)	NON-RADIATION WORKERS (ASSOCIATED WORKERS-Students, Trainees between age 16-18)
Whole body	20 mSv (2rem) per year, Averaged over 5 yrs. Not exceeding 50mSv(5 rem) in any one year Except females (13mSv or 1.3 rems / calendar) quarter	6 mSv (0.6 rem)
Lens of the eyes single or with other organs	150 mSv (15 rem)	50mSv (1.5rem)
Skin (100cm) single or with other organs	500 mSv (50 rem)	150 mSv (15 rem)
Hands, Forearms feet and ankles single or with other organs	500 mSv (50 rem)	150 mSv (15 rem)

The maximum permissible dose listed above applies to a person of age 18 years or above

In case of radiation workers it is based on the life time dose of the individual where:

D = 5(N - 18)

D = Dose (expressed in rems) absorbed by Tissue

N = Age in years

It will be noted that an individual may receive a relatively high dose of 20 mSv (2 rem) averaged over 5 years but must not exceed an accumulative dose in excess of 50 mSv or 5 rem in any one year. Dose limit for radiation worker in Kuwait is 1.6mSv/ Month (60 mr / month). It is vital that actual hours worked should be taken into account for assessing MPL.

STANDING INSTRUCTIONS:

The following instructions are to be rigidly adhered to by "Classified" users of "Radiography Equipment".

Classified worker should check for the following prior to the Radiography work: Type of work, location, quantum of work, type of radiation source available & its strength, radiation monitoring, warning devices & tools such as remote operated Cee Vee tongs, transport containers to face any emergency.
Film badges and dosimeters are to be worn at all times while handling or operating radiography equipment.
Dosimeters readings are to be checked (prior to and following exposure to radiation), by the person(s) who is/are handling or operating the radiography equipment.
Dosimeters readings are to be checked weekly by Inspection Engineer (Svcs) and a record kept of all such readings.
A survey of camera and guide to be taken after each exposure to make sure that the source is in its shielded position.
Use collimators whenever possible to reduce the useful beam to minimum size necessary for work. This is an important device for reducing the radiation dose.
Should a dosimeter reading in excess of 0.1 rems be noted after any Radiography Equipment operation or at the end of working week, it is to be reported to Inspection Engineer (Svcs)
When a dosage in excess of 0.1 rems is recorded, the person concerned shall cease, forthwith, to use the Radiography Equipment for an appropriate period of time (until the month end if it is with in the monthly dose limit 160 mr). Such a period will depend on the excess dosage received and determined by Preventive Medical Services.
In case a person receives a single dosage of 3 rems or more, arrangements will be made through Health & Environment Team to get that person medically examined at Hospital. Also the film badge of the person should be sent immediately to Radiation protection department (RPD) to process & verify the dose received by the radiographer. RPD's advice to be followed.
All classified workers who are authorized to carry out radiography work will be referred through Preventive Medical Services to Hospital for blood examination at six-month intervals and for physical examination every year.
The radiation level at the boundary of defined barricaded (cordon off area) area must not exceed 2.5µSv / hr (0.25 m rem/hr)
It is forbidden for personnel using radiography source to leave the equipment unattended.
All vehicles used for the transportation or Radiography source or equipment shall have Warning Notice posted on the sides & back.
On completion of radiography operations and before returning the source to X-Ray room pit (Safe Storage location) it is to be ensured that it is securely locked and there is no radioactive leakage in the area.
Leakage tests shall be carried out for the radiography camera involved in any fall or damage during transportation or work to make sure the camera is safe for further use.
Extra care shall be taken by the authorized personnel, while transferring newly acquired isotopes from "sealed storage" to "Operational Container".
A monthly record of source movement along with used film badge will be sent to the Radiation Protection Dept., Ministry of Health before every 5th of the month, with a copy marked to Inspection & Corrosion Team.
In case of emergencies involving radiation accidents Inspection Engineer (Svcs), TL Inspection & Corrosion (S&E), HSE team to be informed. Once the emergency has been recognized, the next step is to call the radiation protection department for assistance.

SAFE WORKING DISTANCE: THE INVERSE SQUARE LAW states that the intensity (dose rate) is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the radioactive source. The safe distance for a classified (radiological) worker is that distance where the dose rate does not exceed 10 µSv / hr (205 mrh). For associated workers the dose rate must not exceed 0.75 mrh.

This is the distance at which three dimensional control barriers must be set up for any situation involving unclassified workers.