tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-50754036294893076232024-03-12T17:35:14.880-07:00Industrial Hygiene ProfesionalUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger31125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-18732940998085586892018-05-13T00:44:00.000-07:002010-01-20T01:41:18.249-08:00Apa itu Industrial Hygiene ?<span style="font-family:Arial;"><p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class="ISI"><span lang="EN-ID"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="886253407-13052007"></span>Industrial Hygiene adalah ilmu tentang antisipasi, mengenal, mengevaluasi serta mengontrol kondisi lingkungan kerja yang dapat mempengaruhi tenaga kerja [menyebabkan sakit, gangguan kesehatan atau ketidaknyamanan pada pekerja]</span></span></span></p><p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class="ISI"><span lang="EN-ID"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="886253407-13052007"></span>Yang dapat dilakukan oleh seorang Industrial Hygienist adalah menerapkan ilmu Medical Scientist, Detective, dan Engineer. Pengetahuan yang luas mengenai ilmu kesehatan sangat membantu seorang Industrial Hygienist dalam memandang permasalahan di tempat kerja.</span></span></span></p><p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class="ISI"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-ID"><span class="886253407-13052007"></span>Seorang Industrial hygienist adalah detektif, sebab kita diharuskan mengetahui informasi lebih mengenai bahaya-bahaya di dalam tempat kerja. </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV" lang="SV">Monitor lingkungan kerja dan menganalisa metodenya yang nanti digunakan untuk menganalisa dampaknya terhadap pekerja yang terpajan.</span></span></span> <p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class="ISI"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV" lang="SV"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></span></span></span></p><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV" lang="SV"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Analisa bahaya di tempat kerja merupakan tahap pertama terpenting dari seorang Industrial Hygienist untuk mengetahui potensi bahaya di tempat kerja terhadap pekerja. Pengenalan lapangan kerja yang merupakan daerah tanggung jawab Kita harus dikontrol setiap waktu, sehingga perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>di area kerja dapat termonitor setiap saat.<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br /><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV" lang="SV"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Dalam memonitor lingkungan kerja, selain lingkungan fisik, perlu juga dilakukan monitoring terhadap para pekerja dengan melakukan interview untuk menanyakan apakah ada isu-isu kesehatan yang terjadi di areanya. Sebelumnya kita harus memberikan informasi kedatangan Kita kepada Foreman atau Supervisor yang berwenang di area tersebut. Sehingga apabila ditemukan hal-hal yang substandard bisa dilakukan klarifikasinya kepada mereka. Ini dilakukan agar tidak terjadi kesalahan informasi antara kondisi lapangan dengan keterangan dari mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br /><p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class="ISI"><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV" lang="SV"><o:p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"></span></o:p></span></p><p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class="ISI"><span lang="EN-ID"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">Selama proses menganalisa seorang Industrial Hygienist melakukan:</span></span></p><p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class="ISI"><span lang="EN-ID"><o:p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"></span></o:p></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in" class="ISI"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family:'Century Gothic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID">Mengidentifikasi bahaya-bahaya yang mungkin dapat terjadi, permasalahan-permasalahan kerja serta resikonya. Menganalisa kondisi-kondisi yang dapat diukur untuk mencari permasalan yang timbul.</span></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in" class="ISI"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family:'Century Gothic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID">Mengembangkan strategi sampling dan menggunakan peralatan-peralatan sampling yang dimiliki untuk mengukur seberapa besar sumber bahaya di tempat kerja.</span></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in" class="ISI"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family:'Century Gothic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID">Melakukan pengamatan terhadap bagaimana dampak sumber-sumber bahaya kimia dan fisika dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan pekerja dengan melakukan pengukuran.</span></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in" class="ISI"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family:'Century Gothic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID">Membandingkan hasil sampling dengan standart atau petunjuk yang relevan untuk menentukkan apakah pengontrolan khusus diperlukan.</span></span></span></p><p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-ID"><o:p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"></span></o:p></span></p><p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class="ISI"><span lang="EN-ID"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">Pengontrolan di Tempat Kerja yang dapat dilakukan:</span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in" class="ISI"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family:'Century Gothic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID">Engineering kontrol.</span></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.5in" class="ISI"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-ID" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID">Menghilangkan semua bahaya-bahaya yang ditimbulkan.</span></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.5in" class="ISI"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-ID" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID">Mengurangi sumber bahaya dengan mengganti dengan bahan yang kurang berbahaya.</span></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.5in" class="ISI"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-ID" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID">Work proses ditempatkan terpisah.</span></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.5in" class="ISI"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-ID" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID">Menempatan ventilasi local/umum.</span></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in" class="ISI"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family:'Century Gothic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID">Administrasi kontrol.</span></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.5in" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-ID" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID">Pengaturan schedule kerja atau meminimalkan kontak pekerja dengan sumber bahaya.</span></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family:'Century Gothic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID">Praktek kerja.</span></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.5in" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-ID" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID">Mengikuti prosedur yang sesuai untuk meminimalisasi pemaparan ketika pengoperasian.</span></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.5in" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-ID" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID">Inspeksi secara reguler dan perawatan peralatan.</span></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family:'Century Gothic';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:stockticker st="on"><span lang="EN-ID">APD</span></st1:stockticker><span lang="EN-ID">.</span></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.5in" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-ID" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID">Ini merupakan langkah terakhir dari hirarki pengendalian.</span></span></span></p></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-34791649014071815572008-02-11T03:42:00.001-08:002008-03-22T01:10:47.071-07:00PRINCIPLES FOR HACCP DEVELOPMENT<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span></span></b> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">HACCP TEAM</span></span></b></div> <div align="center"><span >I</span></div> <div align="center"><span >I</span></div> <div align="center"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">PRODUCT</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">DESCRIPTIONS</span></span></b></p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;"> <div align="center"><span >I</span></div> <div align="center"><span >I</span></div> <div align="center"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">PROCESS</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">FLOWCHART</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span >I</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span >I</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:180%;">FACTORY LAYOUT PLAN</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span >I</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span >I</span></p><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong>VERIFY PROCESS FLOW & LAYOUT PLAN</strong></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">I</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">I</span></p><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong>TO HACCP PRINCIPLES</strong></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></div></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-11840761052101484252007-09-26T19:10:00.000-07:002007-09-27T01:12:48.663-07:00Safety at Work<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://media2.guzer.com/animations/safety_at_work.swf">Download</a> (flash file) -- Click right and save as</p></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-4841870998395691852007-08-27T23:46:00.000-07:002007-09-02T15:47:38.800-07:0021 Most Common Food Service Problems<div class="Section1"><p class="style10style14" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">1. Potentially hazardous foods do not meet temperature requirements</span></span></b></strong><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:13;">.</span></span></b></strong><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial;"> </span></span></b></strong><?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Perishable food, which consists in whole or in part of eggs, meat, milk, poultry, fish, shellfish or other ingredients capable of supporting rapid bacterial growth, is found at room temperature. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Keep all potentially hazardous food at safe temperature: cold foods 5 C (41 F) or below, hot foods 60 C (140 F) or above. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p class="style14style14style12style12style11style10style9" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">2. Potentially hazardous foods are not properly thawed.</span></span></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Meat, poultry and seafood thawed at room temperature. This practice is extremely dangerous. The surface of the food rapidly warms to the danger zone. (5 C to 60 C) and after several hours can produce enough germs or toxin to cause illness. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Plan your menu and thaw frozen foods in the refrigerator. Remember large items such as turkeys may take as long as 72 hours to thaw. In an emergency, frozen potentially hazardous foods may be thawed under running potable water at 21 C (70 F) or below until thawed; then cooked or refrigerated. If food is thawed in a microwave, it must be immediately transferred to a conventional cooking unit as part of a continuous cooking process. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p class="style14style101" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">3. Thermometers are not provided or are not conspicuously located. </span></span></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Thermometers are not available or easily located in refrigeration units and at heating units.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> A major safeguard in handling food for the public's consumption is the maintenance of proper temperature. Thermometers must be kept in all refrigerators so that temperatures can be conveniently monitored at all times. For units without built-in thermometers, we recommend that small non-mercury thermometers be taped to the inside of the door, since they are easily lost or broken when placed on racks. Metal stem thermometers must be available for monitoring temperatures of foods in "hot holding". Remember, keep <b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">hot</span></b> foods <b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">hot</span></b> (60 C or above), and <b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">cold</span></b> foods <b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">cold</span></b> (5 C or below). <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">4. Food protection is inadequate. </span></span></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Food stored in refrigerators and walk-in coolers is not covered or wrapped. Sacks of potatoes and onions, crates of vegetables and fruits, cases of canned goods, and other food items stored on the floor. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> The floor area for such storage cannot be cleaned; dust and debris are swept onto and between these items when the adjoining floor area is cleaned, the dirty bottoms of these food containers contaminate clean surfaces when the containers are lifted onto tables or benches, and the storage area becomes more attractive to the harborage of insect and rodent pests. Install shelving at least 6 inches above the floor. The area beneath the shelving must be accessible for cleaning, or the void sealed with a tight fitting base plate. For items which are too large or bulky for shelf storage, use pallets and keep the area underneath clean. Cover all refrigerated foods. Do not stack food items in the refrigerator. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">5. Handling of food is not minimized. </span></span></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> The use of containers without handles (such as bowls, cups, and glasses)<br />for scooping flour, sugar and other bulk materials from storage bins which may result in contamination of bulk food items from contact with workers' hands. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Scoops with handles must be provided, as they prevent foodhandlers from running their fingers and hands through the food materials. In many instances, transmission of germs can also be reduced by using forks, knives, tongs, scoops and other utensils that minimize the handling of food. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">6. Hygienic practices are not used. </span></span></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Eating, smoking or use of tobacco in any form while in food preparation, service, equipment or utensil washing areas. Since the hands of smokers come into contact with the mouth each time a cigarette is taken from the mouth, smoking employees may contaminate the product with which they are working with bacteria from their mouth. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> No smoking or eating should be permitted in the food preparation area at any time. If smoking is permitted in the storeroom, sufficient ashtrays should be provided and individual smoking must wash his/her hands each time he returns to the food preparation area. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">7. Food contact surfaces of equipment and utensils are not clean. </span></span></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Accumulation of dried food substances on slicers, mixers, sugar bins, meat tenderizers, can opener blades, refrigerator shelves and door handles, and other equipment that normally comes into contact with food products. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Clean and sanitize meat slicers and cutting boards between uses or different types of food, such as meat and vegetables, to avoid "cross-contamination". Clean all kitchen equipment on a regular schedule. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">8. Non-food contact surfaces of equipment and utensils are not clean. </span></span></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Unclean counters, shelves, insides and tops of refrigerators, ovens, tables, tops of mixers and exteriors of exhaust hoods. These surfaces must be kept clean so dirt does not fall into food containers or attract insects. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Utilize a cleaning checklist to insure periodic cleaning of all non-food contact surfaces. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">9. Dishwashing facilities are inadequate. </span></span></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Manual dishwashing - improper sequence in three compartment sink. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Wash all utensils in hot water containing detergent, rinse in hot clean water and sanitize in the third compartment by immersing in water containing approved sanitizer for one minute. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Dishwash machine - improper maintenance of machine, including broken temperature gauges, clogged rinse jets, and heavy lime build-ups. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Check dishwash machine daily for proper cleaning and maintenance. Keep several spare parts on hand. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">10. Sanitation rinse is not used. </span></span></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p><p class="style14" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-size:10;">Adequate dishwashing is one of the most important procedures in the food service operation in breaking the chain of infection from customer to customer. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Manual dishwashing - no test kit available to periodically check the concentration of the sanitizing chemical. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Obtain address of test kit from your Sanitarian. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Dishwash machines - machines using hot water for final rinse not reaching the required 82 C (180 F), or lack of bleach in machines designed to dispense chlorine with final rinse. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Check the dishwash final rinse daily to insure it reaches the required gauge temperature of 82 C (180 F) final rinse, or check the chlorine dispenser reservoir daily. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">11. Original containers are not used, or container is not properly labeled. </span></span></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Foods received in large or bulky containers are transferred to smaller but unlabeled containers. Sometimes the small can of salt or sugar kept handy to the stove gets confused with the rat or roach poison kept in an identical can. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Unless the food item is easily identifiable and cannot be mistaken for another product, store it in clearly labeled containers. Keep all poisons and other toxic materials sorted in their original container and in a safe place (segregate complete from food storage). Do not store cleaning compounds in the same cabinet as insecticides and rodenticides. Use only smooth, easily cleanable containers for food; empty tin cans do not meet this requirement. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">12. Storage of clean equipment and utensils is not appropriate. </span></span></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Cups and glasses stored on toweling. Pans stored before thoroughly dry, and in some cases "clean" pots and pans stored on floor. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Store cups and glasses on rubber matting to allow air circulation and invert dry pots and pans on storage racks. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">13. Food- or ice-dispensing utensils are improperly stored. </span></span></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Ice cream dipper is stored in milk shake container half full of water. Handle of ice scoop is covered with ice. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Store ice cream scoop in cold running water, or clean and dry after each use. Store ice scoop with handle up or in a clean, protected place near the ice machine. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">14. Single service articles are not stored properly or do not have proper dispensers. </span></span></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> No dispenser for single service cups or such articles handled or dispensed in a matter that contaminate surfaces which may come into contact with food or the mouth of the user. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Use dispensers and insure single service articles are used only once. Store single service articles in covered cartons or containers which protect them from contamination. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">15. Cross connections cause back siphonage or backflow</span></span></b></strong>. <o:p></o:p></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Rubber hoses directly attached to kitchen sink or janitor's mop sink. Variations in water pressure can cause a vacuum in the water lines. If hoses are reaching into the sink, dishwater or mopwater can be drawn back into the public water supply. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Install vacuum breakers on all spigots with hoses or place vacuum breaker on hose bib. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">16. Toilet and handwashing facilities are not proper or adequate. </span></span></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Toilet facilities not clean and in good repair; single service towels and soap not provided at handwash sinks. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Clean and properly maintained toilet facilities generate a proper attitude toward sanitary practices and conditions in the food service establishment. It is extremely important that employees wash their hands after using the toilet facilities and after handling contaminated materials in the kitchen in order to break the chain of infection. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">17. Indoor and outdoor storage is not properly maintained. </span></span></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Garbage cans are not kept clean, or covered with tight fitting lids; dumpsters are dirty and lids are left open. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Clean garbage cans after each use and cover when not in continuous use; keep dumpster lids closed and dispose with sufficient frequency to prevent a nuisance. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">18. Construction of floors, walls and ceilings does not meet specifications. </span></span></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">: Broken tile or linoleum flooring; dirty and greasy walls and un-cleanable ceilings. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Maintain floor in food preparation and storage areas to be smooth, nonabsorbent and easily cleanable; keep wall and ceiling clean and in good repair. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">19. Lighting is not provided as required and fixtures are not shielded. </span></span></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Inadequate lighting on food preparation and dishwashing areas; no shields on kitchen lights. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Provide at least 538 lux (50 foot candles of light) on all working surfaces and at least 323 lux (30 foot candles of light) to all other surfaces and equipment in food preparation, utensil washing and hand washing areas; shield light fixtures in food preparation and service areas to protect against broken glass falling into food. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">20. Wiping cloths are not clean or use-restricted. </span></span></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Wiping cloth on counter, used to wipe spill on floor. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#333333;" ><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"> Wiping cloth or dishrags used for wiping food spills must be used for no other purpose, and should be frequently rinsed in an approved sanitizing solution. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;">21. Food preparation surface is uncleanable. </span></span></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:#333333;" >Problem:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:#333333;"> Plywood and other soft woods may not be used for cutting boards, sandwich preparation tables, or other food contact surfaces as they cannot be kept in a sanitary condition. Hard maple, which is the only wood approved for such use, that has cracks or scoring which make the surface unsanitizeable. </span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:#333333;" >Solution:</span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#333333;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:#333333;"> Use only hard maple or plastic for cutting boards, sandwich tables, and other food contact surfaces. When maple becomes cracked, discard it. Deep scoring of maple must be removed by refinishing, or the board discarded</span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:8;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: right" align="right"><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:78%;color:silver;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:8;color:silver;" >Source: DEC<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-62101686005499945492007-08-26T16:00:00.001-07:002007-08-26T16:03:26.243-07:00Keselamatan dalam pengelasan / Safety in Welding<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><ol style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5incolor:blue;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;color:windowtext;" >Radiasi bunga api</span></b><b><i> / Arc Radiation<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></li></ol><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Radiasi bunga api dihasilkan dari sinar Ultra Violet (UV) dan sinar infra merah (IR) dan apabila Kita terpajan dapat menyebabkan: <span style="color:blue;">/ <i>Arch radiation is a result of ULTRA-VIOLET (UV) and INFRA-<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:stockticker st="on">RED</st1:stockticker> (IR) Rays and exposure can cause the following</i></span><i>.<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></span></b></p><ol style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in" type="A"><ul style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Kanker kulit<i> /<span style="color:blue;"> Skin cancer</span><o:p></o:p></i></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Kulit terbakar<i> / <span style="color:blue;">Thermal Skin Burn (severe sun burn</span>)<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Mata terbakar /<i><span style="color:blue;"> Arch Flash (welder Flash) or Eye Burn which can result in inflammation of the cornea, Cataracts or Blindnes</span>s.<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></li></ul></ol><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Alat Pelindung Diri yang diperlukan /<i><span style="color:blue;">Protection Required Includes:<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Helm las yang memenuhi standard dan terdapat filter <i>/ <span style="color:blue;">an approved welding helmet with the correct filter and shade number.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Kacamata safety yang berguna untuk menahan sinar UV dan IR serta mengurangi / <i><span style="color:blue;">Safety glasses which will help to refract (bend away) the UV and IR Rays away reducing the chances of Arch Flash</span>.<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Selalu pergunakan pakaian pelindung yang melindungi seluruh tubuh dari potensi terbakar, diantaranya<i>: / <span style="color:blue;">Always wear protection<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>full covering clothing to shield your body for potential burn eg:<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.5in"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-bidi-font-style: italicfont-family:'Courier New';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">o<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Kain wool atau katun yang tahan api atau percikan api<i> / <span style="color:blue;">Overall or flame resistant wool or cotton.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.5in"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-bidi-font-style: italicfont-family:'Courier New';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">o<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Jaket kulit <i>/<span style="color:blue;"> Leather apron and jacket</span>s<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.5in"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-bidi-font-style: italicfont-family:'Courier New';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">o<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Selalu menggunakan sarung tangan kulit <i>/ <span style="color:blue;">Always wear leather gloves<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.5in"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-bidi-font-style: italicfont-family:'Courier New';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">o<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Semacam topi pelindung kepala<i> / <span style="color:blue;">Skull cap (for overhead welding)<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.5in"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-bidi-font-style: italicfont-family:'Courier New';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">o<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Pergunakan sekat pelindung ketika bekerja di area terbuka<i> / <span style="color:blue;">Screen the welding zone when welding in open spaces.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Kilatan cahaya api las dapat mengenai Kitawalaupun tanpa melihat secara langsung<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><span style="color:blue;">/ A welding flash can occur by indirectly viewing the arch even for a relatively short time eg:<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.5in"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-bidi-font-style: italicfont-family:'Courier New';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">o<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Unconsciously looking out the corner of the eye.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.5in"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-bidi-font-style: italicfont-family:'Courier New';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">o<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Looking away from the arch (close eyes then turn away)<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.5in"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-bidi-font-style: italicfont-family:'Courier New';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">o<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Dipantulkan oleh permukaan yang mengkila<i>t <span style="color:blue;">/ Reflections of the arch from shiny surfaces.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"></span></o:p></i></p><ol style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in" type="A" start="2"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5incolor:blue;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;color:windowtext;" >Sengatan Listrik<i> </i></span></b><b><i>/ Electric Shock<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></li></ol><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Jangan pegang bagian logam yang dilas dengan tangan tanpa pelindung atau baju yang basah<i><span style="color:blue;"> / Never touch live metal part with bare skin or wet clothing.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Jaga sarung tangan dan baju pelindung tetap kering dan bebas dari oli atau gemuk<span style="color:blue;"> / <i>Keep gloves and Protective clothing dry and free of oil and grease.<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Jangan lilitkan atau putarkan kabel las disekitar tubuh Anda<i><span style="color:blue;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>/ Never coil or loop welding cable around your body.</span></i><i><span style="color:blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Jangan mengelas diatas permukaan basah atau di diatas air<i><span style="color:blue;"> / Don’t weld while standing on a wet surface or while standing in water.</span></i><i><span style="color:blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><i><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"></span></o:p></i></p><ol style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in" type="A" start="3"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Uap Logam dan Gas<i> <span style="color:blue;">/ Fumes and Gases</span><o:p></o:p></i></span></span></span></b></li></ol><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Dihasilkan oleh mencairnya logam, penguapan dan reaksi-reaksi lain yang terjadi, yang berupa logam atau gas termasuk dalam bunga api pengelasan<i> /<span style="color:blue;">Caused by the melting, vapourisation and other reaction of the consumables, base metals and gases (where applicable) involved in the welding arc.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Beberapa kontaminasi yang umum<i><span style="color:blue;"> /Some common contaminants:<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"></span></o:p></span></p><div align="center"><table class="MsoTableGrid" style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 1.7in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="163" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Kontamina / <i><span style="color:blue;">Contaminant</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 213.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="284" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Sumber / <i><span style="color:blue;">Source</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 1.7in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="163" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Uap Bes<i><span style="color:blue;">i / Iron Fumes<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 213.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="284" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Vaporization of iron from base metal and electrode coatings.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 1.7in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="163" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Chromium <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 213.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="284" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Stainless steel, electrode coating, plantings<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 1.7in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="163" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Nickel <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 213.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="284" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Stainless steel, nickel clad steel<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 1.7in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="163" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Zinc Fume<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 213.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="284" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Vaporization of zinc alloys, electrode coatings galvanized steel, zinc-primed steel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 1.7in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="163" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Uap logam tembaga<i><span style="color:blue;"> / Cooper Fume<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 213.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="284" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Vaporization of coating on electrode wires, sheaths on air carbon arch gouging electrodes, cooper alloys<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 1.7in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="163" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Vanadium, Manganese, Molybdenum<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 213.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="284" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Welding rods, alloying element in stells<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 1.7in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="163" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Timah<i><span style="color:blue;"> / Tin <o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 213.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="284" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Tin coating steel, some nonferrous alloys<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 1.7in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="163" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Cadmium <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 213.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="284" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Plating<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 1.7in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="163" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Timbal<i><span style="color:blue;"> / Lead (Pb)<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 213.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="284" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Fluxes, coating on electrodes, flux in wires.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 1.7in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="163" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Carbon Monoxide (CO)<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 213.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="284" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Combustible product of gas metal arc welding, air carbon arc gouging, oxyfuel flames, exhaust from car engines.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 1.7in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="163" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Ozone (O3)<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 213.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="284" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Gas metal arch welding, air carbon arc gauging, titanium and aluminium welding in inert gas atmosphere.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 1.7in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="163" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 213.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="284" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Gas metal arc welding, oxyfuel flame process<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 1.7in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="163" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Phosgene<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 213.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="284" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="color:blue;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Welding of metal covered with chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span></o:p></p></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-43007078569229173322007-08-09T17:55:00.001-07:002008-12-12T17:42:15.213-08:00MedGate<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiijkyKQRbDPIYkNm5T6DPN73SqHbuKojrOszfb6nNFJvj-3c2llIjIyZ3u0R64jYl9KPhspdF4PXysWYwOy-YL2wvpj0qjYQEnZQOGlu7cPZyaOPhi6ShJi7N1OX9Z3yTB4DdFQ9nv7cab/s1600-h/Mg.bmp"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5096870222343249570" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiijkyKQRbDPIYkNm5T6DPN73SqHbuKojrOszfb6nNFJvj-3c2llIjIyZ3u0R64jYl9KPhspdF4PXysWYwOy-YL2wvpj0qjYQEnZQOGlu7cPZyaOPhi6ShJi7N1OX9Z3yTB4DdFQ9nv7cab/s200/Mg.bmp" border="0" /></a><br /><div></div><div>For more information please check at: <a href="http://www.medgate.com/">http://www.medgate.com/</a></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-12928939607153554292007-08-08T21:18:00.001-07:002008-12-12T17:42:15.406-08:00Chemwatch<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieHw_MNn1D2HFvpudOdVbJHvB2LfGsacbj5y9ZNjKP7_avMyldpLsIpkA64qFpDCcM_2mHtLCpqLNhddsmLemeUSMHwibxkxZLyfVuxwNxvOe6cWxJtVsQ5LkPI45_mtezAUnHLx-oOcmi/s1600-h/Cheamwatch.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5124862615185453218" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieHw_MNn1D2HFvpudOdVbJHvB2LfGsacbj5y9ZNjKP7_avMyldpLsIpkA64qFpDCcM_2mHtLCpqLNhddsmLemeUSMHwibxkxZLyfVuxwNxvOe6cWxJtVsQ5LkPI45_mtezAUnHLx-oOcmi/s200/Cheamwatch.JPG" border="0" /></a> Detail information, please check: <a href="http://www.chemwatch.net/">www.chemwatch.net</a><br /><br /><div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-68945983632775066122007-08-08T21:18:00.000-07:002008-12-12T17:42:15.622-08:00Quest Suite Professional<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI4Sr7j_R5w1pdF4LH26brG5JVl-b3MTGjKdp9GIpgLT1IQaxnRBI5R0vwNmHfnPgmRiT7PQpcCZ5UzIIBENcvpolQYjH6GhpN5_z5d8MZqtteT9K6zdD9S4Exu-zSy29igL_RWH1Dbcc7/s1600-h/Quest.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5096551119158058642" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI4Sr7j_R5w1pdF4LH26brG5JVl-b3MTGjKdp9GIpgLT1IQaxnRBI5R0vwNmHfnPgmRiT7PQpcCZ5UzIIBENcvpolQYjH6GhpN5_z5d8MZqtteT9K6zdD9S4Exu-zSy29igL_RWH1Dbcc7/s200/Quest.jpg" border="0" /></a> For more information please check at: <a href="http://www.quest-technologies.com/">http://www.quest-technologies.com/</a><br /><div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-10391755692876501742007-08-08T21:17:00.000-07:002008-12-12T17:42:15.904-08:00ChemAlert<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjCLXut67PuEtqGRjYmvy1cQC1R6mD3uVVIBbRyXrPcDn0KVHtI_EYzFhfyopKVS0deuRG-WI0SIcXtf_W9je3cEG8G-kf63ymGLJx5_XLjNcdczsMr5A6k1q1oLJrvybdz12TXn93kEI7/s1600-h/Cheam+Alert.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5096550217214926466" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjCLXut67PuEtqGRjYmvy1cQC1R6mD3uVVIBbRyXrPcDn0KVHtI_EYzFhfyopKVS0deuRG-WI0SIcXtf_W9je3cEG8G-kf63ymGLJx5_XLjNcdczsMr5A6k1q1oLJrvybdz12TXn93kEI7/s200/Cheam+Alert.jpg" border="0" /></a> This software is chemical safety management, for detail please check at: <a href="http://www.chemalert.com.au/">http://www.chemalert.com.au/</a><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-36082458280817649502007-08-08T21:12:00.000-07:002008-12-12T17:42:16.203-08:00Microsoft Acess<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn_QUIhRgCKtKrHrTWBpi6swGvg6aqR202e0jfKattk7KO6LIb3i2j6wfNHNJC_yA9haaYEXghBIm7j1buJLB-b_KAUxxEPNoNVdYO8R-wtAh7zvVA4frayh5NNW31MKuIhanFhGQsZxp2/s1600-h/Acess1.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5096549753358458482" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn_QUIhRgCKtKrHrTWBpi6swGvg6aqR202e0jfKattk7KO6LIb3i2j6wfNHNJC_yA9haaYEXghBIm7j1buJLB-b_KAUxxEPNoNVdYO8R-wtAh7zvVA4frayh5NNW31MKuIhanFhGQsZxp2/s200/Acess1.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /><div>for information, please check at: <a href="http://www.microsoft.com/">http://www.microsoft.com/</a></div><br /><div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-12257121598753270042007-07-30T15:47:00.001-07:002007-07-31T17:56:54.339-07:00IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL OF HAZARDS AT CONSTRUCTION SITES<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><table style="WIDTH: 692pt; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="921" border="0"><colgroup><col style="WIDTH: 19pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 914" width="25"><col style="WIDTH: 92pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 4461" width="122"><col style="WIDTH: 107pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 5229" width="143"><col style="WIDTH: 104pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 5046" width="138"><col style="WIDTH: 370pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 18029" width="493"><tbody><tr style="HEIGHT: 36pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="48"><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 36ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="48" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">SR NO</span></strong></td><td class="xl32" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 92pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="122" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY</span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 107pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="143" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">ASSOCIATED HAZARDS</span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 104pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="138" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">EFFECT OF HAZARDS</span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">PREVENTIVE MEASURES / RECOMMENDATIONS</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 39.75pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="53"><td class="xl29" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 372.75ptcolor:transparent;" align="right" width="25" height="497" rowspan="19" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">1</span></strong></td><td class="xl48" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 92pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="122" rowspan="19" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Electrical installations and usage</span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 107pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="143" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Short Circuiting</span></strong></td><td class="xl28" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 104pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="138" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Electrocution or fire</span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0.5pt; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM-: windowtextcolor:windowtext;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Use hand gloves & other PPE</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl37" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 150ptcolor:transparent;" height="200" rowspan="10" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl38" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" rowspan="10" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Don’t lay wires under carpets , mats or door ways</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3" width="493" height="20" str="Employ licensed electricians to carry out electrical installation"><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Employ licensed electricians to carry out electrical installation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="493" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Use one socket for one appliance.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="493" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Ensure usage of only fully insulated, undamaged wires or cables.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid" width="493" height="20" str="Don’t place bare wire ends in a socket"><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Don’t place bare wire ends in a socket<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="493" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Ensure earthing of equipments</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="493" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Do not use damaged cords and avoid temporary connections</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="493" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Provide all connections through ELCB</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="493" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Protect electrical cables / equipments from water and naked flames.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="493" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Check all connections before energizing.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 28.5pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="38"><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 107pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 88.5ptcolor:transparent;" width="143" height="118" rowspan="5" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Over loading of Electrical system</span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 104pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="138" rowspan="5" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Bursting of system leading to fire</span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Display voltage and current ratings prominently with Danger signs.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid" width="493" height="20" str="Ensure approved cable size, voltage grade and type"><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Ensure approved cable size, voltage grade and type<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="493" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Switch of the electrical utilities when not in use.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="493" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Do not allow unauthorized connections.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="493" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Ensure proper grid wise distribution of power.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 51pt" height="68"><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 107pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 94.5ptcolor:transparent;" width="143" height="126" rowspan="3" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Improper laying of overhead under ground transmission lines / cables</span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 104pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="138" rowspan="3" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Can cause electrocution and prove fatal</span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Do not lay unamoured cable directly on ground, wall, top of trees.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Maintain at least 3 meter distance from HT cables<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>All temporary cables should be laid at least 750 mm below ground on 100 mm fine sand overlaying by brick soling.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="493" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Proper sleeves should be provided at road crossings.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 28.5pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="38"><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 28.5ptcolor:transparent;" width="493" height="38" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Provide cable route markers indicating the type and depth of cables at intervals not exceeding 30 m and at the diversions termination.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 25.5pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="34"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 25.5ptcolor:transparent;" align="right" width="25" height="34" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">2</span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 92pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="122" rowspan="15" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Working at Heights</span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 107pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="143" rowspan="9" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Person can fall down</span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 104pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="138" rowspan="7" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">May sustain severe injuries or prove fatal</span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Provide guard rails / barricades at the work place</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 25.5pt" height="34"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 25.5ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="34" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Use PPE like safety belts, full body harness, with two life lines , helmets , safety shoes etc.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15.75pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="21"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15.75ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="21" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Obtain work permit before starting the work at height above 2 meters.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl28" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Fall arrestor systems like safety nets must be installed</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl36" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Provide proper working space ( min 0.6 m x 0.6 m)</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl28" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Tie / weld working platform with fixed support.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl36" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Avoid moments on beams.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 51pt" height="68"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 51ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="68" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 104pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="138" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">May hit the scrap / material stacked at the ground or in between</span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Keep the work place neat and clean</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 12.75pt" height="17"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 12.75ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="17" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl27" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 104pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="138" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Remove the scrap immediately</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 12.75pt" height="17"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 12.75ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="17" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 107pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="143" rowspan="6" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Material can fall down</span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 104pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="138" rowspan="6" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">May hit the workers working at lower levels & prove fatal</span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Same as above plus</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Barricade the area at ground level</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Do not throw or drop materials or equipment from height.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">All tools to be carried in a tool kit bag.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Remove scraps from the planks.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl35" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl27" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Ensure wearing of helmet by the workers at low level</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 12.75pt" height="17"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 12.75ptcolor:transparent;" align="right" width="25" height="17" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">3</span></strong></td><td class="xl48" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 92pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="122" rowspan="18" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Confined Spaces</span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 107pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="143" rowspan="9" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Suffocation</span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 104pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="138" rowspan="9" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Unconsciousness / death</span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Use respiratory devices</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 12.75pt" height="17"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 12.75ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="17" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Avoid over crowding inside a confined space</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Provide exhaust fans / ventilation</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Do not use loose clothes.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Keep a stand by person outside the vessel</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Provide alarm bell to the person inside the confined space.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Check for reasons of hydro carbons O2 level, toxic gases</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Obtain permit before entering the confined space</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">All incoming lines to the tank should be emptied and blank</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 42.75pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="57"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 42.75ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="57" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 107pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="143" rowspan="2" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Presence of foul smell and toxic substances</span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 104pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="138" rowspan="2" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Inhalation can pose threat to life</span></strong></td><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt" width="493" str="Same as above plus Check for compounds before entering a confined space"><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Same as above plus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Check for compounds before entering a confined space<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 30pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="40"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 30ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="40" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Keep one person outside the confined space for continuing monitoring and for extending help in case of emergency.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 39pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="52"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 39ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="52" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 107pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="143" rowspan="7" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Ignition / flame can cause fire</span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 104pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="138" rowspan="7" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Person may sustain burr injuries or explosion may occur</span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Keep fire extinguishers handy</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Remove surplus material and scrap immediately</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Do not smoke inside a confined space</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Do not allow gas cylinders inside a confined space</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Use low voltage (24 V) explosion proof lamps for lighting</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Use pneumatic tools or electric tools with max. 24 V (explosion proof)</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl24" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Remove all equipments at the end of the day.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 12.75pt" height="17"><td class="xl33" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 12.75ptcolor:transparent;" align="right" width="25" height="17" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">4</span></strong></td><td class="xl42" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" rowspan="10" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Radiography</span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 107pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="143" rowspan="5" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Ionizing / radiation from source</span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 104pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="138" rowspan="5" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Radiation may cause diseases like cancer , skin irritation , dermatitis etc</span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Follow safety guidelines from BARC before commencement of job.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl29" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Employ authorized and trained person with requisite qualifications.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl29" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Barricade the area and install radiation warning symbol.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl29" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Restrict the entry of unauthorized persons.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl29" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Wear appropriate PPE and film badges issued by BARC.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl29" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 107pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="143" rowspan="4" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Transportation and storage of radiography source</span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 104pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="138" rowspan="4" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Same as above</span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Never touch or handle radiography source with hands.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 26.25pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="35"><td class="xl29" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 26.25ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="35" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Store radiography source inside approved pit in an exclusive isolated storage room with lock and key arrangement.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 27.75pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="37"><td class="xl29" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 27.75ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="37" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Radiography source shall never be carried in a passenger bus or an passenger compartment of train.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl29" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">BARC should be informed before source movement.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl30" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 107pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="143" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Loss of radioisotope</span></strong></td><td class="xl28" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 104pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="138" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Same as above</span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Try to locate with the help of survey meter and inform to BARC</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 91.5pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="122"><td class="xl33" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 91.5ptcolor:transparent;" align="right" width="25" height="122" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">5</span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 92pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="122" rowspan="3" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Hand Power Tools</span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 107pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="143" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Unguarded moving parts like grinding wheels, drill bits.</span></strong></td><td class="xl32" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 104pt" width="138"><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">It may injure the operator.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Wheel may get detached,. And hit the passer might by<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>flying missiles causing serious injury.</span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Use proper guard. Ensure tightening mechanism of the tool.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl29" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 107pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="143" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Supply of power without earthing</span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 104pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="138" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Electrocution</span></strong></td><td class="xl26" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt" width="493" str="Always use three pin plug. Ensure good earthing."><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Always use three pin plug. Ensure good earthing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl30" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 15ptcolor:transparent;" width="25" height="20" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></strong></td><td class="xl27" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 107pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="143" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Damage tools</span></strong></td><td class="xl34" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 104pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="138" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Can cause injury.</span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="493" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Always use tested & verified tools.</span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 69pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="92"><td class="xl43" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 19pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 175.5ptcolor:transparent;" align="right" width="25" height="234" rowspan="4" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">6</span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 92pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="122" rowspan="4" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Lifting Activities.</span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 107pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="143" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Failure of load lifting & moving equipment</span></strong></td><td class="xl32" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 104pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3color:transparent;" width="138" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Can cause accident & proved to be fatal</span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 370pt" width="493" str="Check periodically oil, brakes, gears, Horns , and tyre pressure of all moving machinery, Check quality, size &"><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Check periodically oil, brakes, gears, Horns , and tyre pressure of all moving machinery, Check quality, size & condition of all chained pulley blocks, sleeves, Sling, U clamps, D shackle , wire ropes, etc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Allow crane to move only on hard firm and leveled ground .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Allow lifting sling as short as possible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 66pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="88"><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 107pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 66ptcolor:transparent;" width="143" height="88" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Overloading of Lifting equipments.</span></strong></td><td class="xl28" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 104pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:transparent;" width="138" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Same as above</span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0.5pt; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM-: windowtextcolor:windowtext;" width="493" str="Safe Lifting capacity of derricks, and winches should be ascertained, Maximum SWL shall marked on all lifting equipments. Check the weight of columns &" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Safe Lifting capacity of derricks, and winches should be ascertained,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Maximum SWL shall marked on all lifting equipments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Check the weight of columns & other heavy items painted on them and accordingly design above the angle of erection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Allow only trained operators and riggers during crane operations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 25.5pt" height="34"><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 107pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 40.5ptcolor:transparent;" width="143" height="54" rowspan="2" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Overhead Electrical wires</span></strong></td><td class="xl31" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0.5pt; WIDTH: 104pt; BORDER-BOTTOM-: windowtext 0.5pt solidcolor:black;" width="138" rowspan="2" str="Can cause electrocution &" ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Can cause electrocution & fire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></strong></td><td class="xl25" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0.5pt; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM-: windowtextcolor:windowtext;" width="493" str="Do not allow boom or the other part of the crane to come within the three meter reach of overhead HT cables." ><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Do not allow boom or the other part of the crane to come within the three meter reach of overhead HT cables.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></strong></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-height-source: userset" height="20"><td class="xl27" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; WIDTH: 370pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid" width="493" height="20" str="Hook &"><strong><span style="font-size:78%;">Hook & load being lifted shall be preferably remained in full visibility.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></strong></td></tr></tbody></table></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-49674569186507746212007-07-19T16:09:00.000-07:002007-07-19T16:07:57.977-07:00Type of disposable particulate respirator<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><p><strong><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;">Select a type of disposable particulate respirator (filtering facepiece) to view a list of manufacturers/suppliers and model numbers: </span></strong><span style="font-size:9;"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></p><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt; mso-border-insideh: .75pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-insidev: .75pt solid windowtext" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; BACKGROUND: #c7daeb; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><strong><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;">Type</span></strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; BACKGROUND: #c7daeb; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><strong><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;">Description</span></strong><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; BACKGROUND: #e6f0f9; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/disp_part/n95list1.html"><strong><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: nonefont-family:Arial;color:windowtext;" >N95 </span></strong></a><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .75ptcolor:transparent;" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;">Filters at least 95% of airborne particles. Not resistant to oil. <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; BACKGROUND: #e6f0f9; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/disp_part/n99list1.html"><strong><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: nonefont-family:Arial;color:windowtext;" >N99 </span></strong></a><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .75ptcolor:transparent;" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;">Filters at least 99% of airborne particles. Not resistant to oil. <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; BACKGROUND: #e6f0f9; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/disp_part/n100list1.html"><strong><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: nonefont-family:Arial;color:windowtext;" >N100 </span></strong></a><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .75ptcolor:transparent;" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;">Filters at least 99.97% of airborne particles. Not resistant to oil. <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; BACKGROUND: #e6f0f9; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/disp_part/r95list1.html"><strong><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: nonefont-family:Arial;color:windowtext;" >R95 </span></strong></a><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .75ptcolor:transparent;" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;">Filters at least 95% of airborne particles. Somewhat resistant to oil. <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; BACKGROUND: #e6f0f9; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><strong><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;">R99* </span></strong><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .75ptcolor:transparent;" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;">Filters at least 99% of airborne particles. Somewhat resistant to oil. <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; BACKGROUND: #e6f0f9; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><strong><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;">R100* </span></strong><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .75ptcolor:transparent;" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;">Filters at least 99.97% of airborne particles. Somewhat resistant to oil. <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; BACKGROUND: #e6f0f9; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/disp_part/p95list1.html"><strong><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: nonefont-family:Arial;color:windowtext;" >P95 </span></strong></a><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .75ptcolor:transparent;" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;">Filters at least 95% of airborne particles. Strongly resistant to oil. <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; BACKGROUND: #e6f0f9; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><strong><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;">99* </span></strong><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .75ptcolor:transparent;" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;">Filters at least 99% of airborne particles. Strongly resistant to oil. <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; BACKGROUND: #e6f0f9; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/disp_part/p100list1.html"><strong><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: nonefont-family:Arial;color:windowtext;" >P100 </span></strong></a><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .75ptcolor:transparent;" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;">Filters at least 99.97% of airborne particles. Strongly resistant to oil. <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-size:9;">* No NIOSH approvals are held by this type of disposable particulate respirator. <o:p></o:p></span></p></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-29399036694424287832007-07-19T16:04:00.001-07:002007-07-19T16:06:30.577-07:00Guide to the PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Bold;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Bold;color:black;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">What is PPE?<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-size:10;color:black;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Medium; mso-bidi-: boldfont-family:HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">PPE is defined in the Regulations as ‘all equipment (including clothing affording protection against the weather) which is intended to be worn or held by a person at work and which protects him against one or more risks to his health or safety’, eg safety helmets, gloves, eye protection, high-visibility clothing, safety footwear and safety harnesses.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Medium; mso-bidi-: boldfont-family:HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Hearing protection and respiratory protective equipment provided for most work situations are not covered by these Regulations because other regulations apply to them. However, these items need to be compatible with any other PPE provided.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Medium; mso-bidi-: boldfont-family:HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Cycle helmets or crash helmets worn by employees on the roads are not covered by the Regulations. Motorcycle helmets are legally required for motorcyclists under road traffic legislation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Bold;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Bold;color:black;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Bold;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Bold;color:black;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">What do the Regulations require?<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Bold;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Bold;color:black;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">The main requirement of the PPE at Work Regulations 1992 is that personal protective equipment is to be supplied and used at work wherever there are risks to health and safety that cannot be adequately controlled in other ways.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">The Regulations also require that PPE:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><ul style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: nonecolor:black;" ><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">is properly assessed before use to ensure it is suitable;<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: nonecolor:black;" ><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">is maintained and stored properly;<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: nonecolor:black;" ><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">is provided with instructions on how to use it safely; and<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: nonecolor:black;" ><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">is used correctly by employees.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Bold;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Bold;color:black;" ><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Can I charge for providing PPE?<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Bold;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Bold;color:black;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">An employer cannot ask for money from an employee for PPE, whether it is returnable or not. This includes agency workers if they are legally regarded as your employees. If employment has been terminated and the employee keeps the PPE without the employer’s permission, then, as long as it has been made clear in the contract of employment, the employer may be able to deduct the cost of the replacement from any wages owed.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Bold;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Bold;font-size:9;color:white;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Health and Safety<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Bold;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Bold;font-size:9;color:white;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Executive<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Bold;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Bold;color:black;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Assessing suitable PPE<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Bold;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Bold;color:black;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">To allow the right type of PPE to be chosen, carefully consider the different hazards in the workplace. This will enable you to assess which types of PPE are suitable to protect against the hazard and for the job to be done.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Ask your supplier for advice on the different types of PPE available and how suitable they are for different tasks. It may be necessary in a few particularly difficult cases to obtain advice from specialist sources and from the PPE manufacturer. Another useful source of information is the British Safety Industry Federation<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">(www.bsif.co.uk).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Consider the following when assessing whether PPE is suitable:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><ul style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: nonecolor:black;" ><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Is it appropriate for the risks involved and the conditions at the place where exposure to the risk may occur? For example, eye protection designed for providing protection against agricultural pesticides will not offer adequate face protection for someone using an angle grinder to cut steel or stone.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: nonecolor:black;" ><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Does it prevent or adequately control the risks involved without increasing the overall level of risk?<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: nonecolor:black;" ><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Can it be adjusted to fit the wearer correctly?<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: nonecolor:black;" ><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Has the state of health of those who will be wearing it been taken into account?<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: nonecolor:black;" ><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">What are the needs of the job and the demands it places on the wearer? For example, the length of time the PPE needs to be worn, the physical effort required to do the job and the requirements for visibility and communication.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: nonecolor:black;" ><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">If more than one item of PPE is being worn, are they compatible? For example, does a particular type of respirator make it difficult to get eye protection to fit properly?<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Bold;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Bold;color:black;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">The hazards and types of PPE<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Bold;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Bold;color:black;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-MediumItalic;font-family:HelveticaNeue-MediumItalic;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Eyes<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-size:10;color:black;" >Hazards: </span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" >chemical or metal splash, dust, projectiles, gas and vapour, radiation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-size:10;color:black;" >Options: </span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" >safety spectacles, goggles, faceshields, visors.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-MediumItalic;font-family:HelveticaNeue-MediumItalic;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Head<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-size:10;color:black;" >Hazards: </span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" >impact from falling or flying objects, risk of head bumping, hair entanglement.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-size:10;color:black;" >Options: </span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" >a range of helmets and bump caps.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-MediumItalic;font-family:HelveticaNeue-MediumItalic;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Breathing<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-size:10;color:black;" >Hazards: </span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" >dust, vapour, gas, oxygen-deficient atmospheres.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-size:10;color:black;" >Options: </span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" >disposable filtering facepiece or respirator, half- or full-face respirators, air-fed helmets, breathing apparatus.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-MediumItalic;font-family:HelveticaNeue-MediumItalic;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Protecting the body<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-size:10;color:black;" >Hazards: </span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" >temperature extremes, adverse weather, chemical or metal splash, spray from pressure leaks or spray guns, impact or penetration, contaminated dust, excessive wear or entanglement of own clothing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-size:10;color:black;" >Options: </span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" >conventional or disposable overalls, boiler suits, specialist protective clothing, eg chain-mail aprons, high-visibility clothing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-MediumItalic;font-family:HelveticaNeue-MediumItalic;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Hands and arms<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-size:10;color:black;" >Hazards: </span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" >abrasion, temperature extremes, cuts and punctures, impact, chemicals, electric shock, skin infection, disease or contamination.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-size:10;color:black;" >Options: </span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" >gloves, gauntlets, mitts, wristcuffs, armlets.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-MediumItalic;font-family:HelveticaNeue-MediumItalic;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Feet and legs<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-size:10;color:black;" >Hazards: </span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" >wet, electrostatic build-up, slipping, cuts and punctures, falling objects, metal and chemical splash, abrasion.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Medium;font-size:10;color:black;" >Options: </span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" >safety boots and shoes with protective toe caps and penetration-resistant mid-sole, gaiters, leggings, spats.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Bold;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Bold;color:black;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Bold;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Bold;color:black;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Training<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p><ul style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: nonecolor:black;" ><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Make sure anyone using PPE is aware of why it is needed, when it is to be used, repaired or replaced and its limitations.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: nonecolor:black;" ><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Train and instruct people how to use it properly and make sure they are doing this.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: nonecolor:black;" ><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Because PPE is the last resort after other methods of protection have been considered, it is important that users wear it all the time they are exposed to the risk. Never allow exemptions for those jobs which take ‘just a few minutes’.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: nonecolor:black;" ><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Check regularly that PPE is being used and investigate fully any reasons why it is not. Safety signs can be useful reminders to wear PPE.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Bold;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Bold;color:black;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Bold;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Bold;color:black;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Maintenance<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Make sure equipment is:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><ul style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: nonecolor:black;" ><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">well looked after and properly stored when it is not being used, for example in a dry, clean cupboard, or in the case of smaller items, such as eye protection, in a box or case;<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: nonecolor:black;" ><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">kept clean and in good repair - follow the manufacturer’s maintenance schedule (including recommended replacement periods and shelf lives). Simple maintenance can be carried out by the trained wearer, but more intricate repairs should only be done by specialists.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Make sure suitable replacement PPE is always readily available.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Bold;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Bold;color:black;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Bold;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Bold;color:black;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">CE marking (for <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:place st="on">Europe</st1:place>)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Ensure any PPE you buy is ‘CE’ marked and complies with the requirements of the Personal Protective Equipment Regulations 2002. The CE marking signifies that the<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">PPE satisfies certain basic safety requirements and in some cases will have been tested and certified by an independent body.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Bold;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Bold;color:black;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Key points to remember<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Are there ways (other than PPE) in which the risk can be adequately controlled, eg engineering controls? If not, check that:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><ul style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: nonecolor:black;" ><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">PPE is provided;<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: nonecolor:black;" ><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">it offers adequate protection for its intended use;<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: nonecolor:black;" ><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">those using it are adequately trained in its safe use;<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: nonecolor:black;" ><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">it is properly maintained and any defects are reported;<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">it is returned to its proper storage after use.</span></span></li></ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in" align="right"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: HelveticaNeue-Light;font-family:HelveticaNeue-Light;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span class="794550223-19072007"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">source: HSE</span></span></span></div></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-19099716508881015452007-07-18T22:00:00.000-07:002007-07-18T22:12:07.729-07:00Six element of Ergonomics program<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">6 Langkah dalam melaksanakan Program Ergonomi ditempat Kerja adalah<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></span></p><ol style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Management Commitment<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></li></ol><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Management sebagai pengambil keputusan harus memiliki komitmen dalam mendukung terlaksananya program Ergonomi dengan menyediakan segala kebutuhan dalam menerapkan program tersebut. <span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV">Anda juga harus dapat menyakinkan ke managemen tentang betapa pentingnya program ini dilakukan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Contoh</i>: Kebijakan Perusahaan; Membuat Prosedur; Membuat proposal tentang program ergonomi.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></p><ol style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in" type="1" start="2"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Hazard Information & Reporting<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></li></ol><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">Anda harus membuat system yang mempermudah pekerja dalam pelaporkan adanya tanda atau gejala MSD, ini berguna untuk melakukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>respon yang tepat dan cepat. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 78pt; TEXT-INDENT: -42pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Contoh</i>: Pengembangan sistem database antara Medical Operator (RS/Clinic Perusahaan dengan SHE personal (Industrial Hygiene). Beberapa software yang bisa dipergunakan adalah Microsoft Access; Medgate; Ellipse; dsb</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></p><ol style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in" type="1" start="3"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Assessment<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></li></ol><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">Setelah informasi mengenai MSD didapat/dilaporkan maka selanjutnya dilakukan analisa mengenai permasalahan tersebut untuk mengetahui faktor resiko ergonomi yang dapat menimbulkan terjadinya MSD. Ini bisa dilakukan dengan membuat hierarki control</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV">Contoh</span></i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV">: dengan melakukan JHA (Job Hazard Analysis)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Form JHA<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><div align="center"><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; MARGIN: auto auto auto 2.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #cccccc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 57pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="76"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Langkah Kerja<o:p></o:p></span></b></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #cccccc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 138pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="184"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Kemungkinan Bahaya / Deskripsi Event<o:p></o:p></span></b></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #cccccc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 0.75in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="72"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Tingkat Resiko<o:p></o:p></span></b></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #cccccc; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 114pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="152"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Antisipasi / Tindakan Perbaikan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 28.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 57pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 28.35pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="76" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-size:6;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 138pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 28.35pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="184" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-size:6;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 0.75in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 28.35pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="72" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt -0.6pt"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-size:6;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 114pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 28.35pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="152" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.55in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.55in"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-size:6;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 28.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 57pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 28.35pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="76" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-size:6;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 138pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 28.35pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="184" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.3in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.3in"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-size:6;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 0.75in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 28.35pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="72" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt -0.6pt"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-size:6;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 114pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 28.35pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="152" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.55in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.55in"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-size:6;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 25.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 57pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.6pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="76" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 12.6pt; TEXT-INDENT: -12.6pt"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-size:6;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 138pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.6pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="184" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-size:6;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 0.75in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.6pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="72" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-size:6;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 114pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 25.6pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="152" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.55in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.55in"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-size:6;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 30.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 57pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 30.55pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="76" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 12.6pt; TEXT-INDENT: -12.6pt"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-size:6;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 138pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 30.55pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="184" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-size:6;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 0.75in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 30.55pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="72" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-size:6;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 114pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 30.55pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="152" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.55in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.55in"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-size:6;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 30.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 57pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 30.55pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="76" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 12.6pt; TEXT-INDENT: -12.6pt"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-size:6;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 138pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 30.55pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="184" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-size:6;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 0.75in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 30.55pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="72" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-size:6;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 114pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 30.55pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="152" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.55in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.55in"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;font-size:6;" ><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></p><ol style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in" type="1" start="4"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Education<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></li></ol><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">Selain kita membuat materi training secara general (sesuai dengan bahaya umum di suatu lokasi kerja/perusahaan) diperlukan juga “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Area Specific Hazard Training</i>” maksudnya dengan memberikan materi yang lebih detail kepada pekerja. (misalnya yang di area kerjanya memiliki resiko terjadinya MSD dilakukan training ergonomic)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 78pt; TEXT-INDENT: -42pt"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Contoh</i>: Annual refresher training untuk semua pekerja, Spesific hazard Training untuk pekerja diarea tertentu, dsb</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></p><ol style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in" type="1" start="5"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">MSD Management<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></li></ol><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">Anda harus merespon segera terhadap kondisi pekerja yang beresiko MSD untuk mencegah kondisi mereka semakin buruk. Berikan mereka akses yang mudah ke “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">health care professional</i>” untuk melakukan konsultasi dan mendapatkan rekomendasi yang tepat.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 78pt; TEXT-INDENT: -42pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Contoh</i>: Adanya dokter perusahan (Occupational Health Doctor), harus dipastikan bahwa dokter yang bersangkutan sudah berpengalaman dalam permasalahan kesehatan di lingkungan kerja, permasalahan ini pernah dialami penulis ketika dokter OH-nya sangat kesulitan memberikan rekomendasi karena kurangnya informasi tentang kesehatan kerja.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></p><ol style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in" type="1" start="6"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Program Evaluation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></li></ol><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">Perlunya dilakukan evaluasi secara periodik terhadap program ergonomik paling sedikit 3 tahun sekali. Ini berguna untuk menyakinkan bahwa program yang telah dibuat sesuai dengan kebutuhan perkembangan perusahaan.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">Contoh: Review Prosedur secara berkala</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-ALIGN: right" align="right"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:7;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">*MSD =Musculoskeletal Disorder<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-71744143890771838332007-07-13T23:47:00.000-07:002007-07-17T15:49:05.109-07:00Dangerous Goods Class<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 4.5pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 9pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;">Dangerous Goods are grouped in nine classes, according to common dangers. All classes, except infectious substances (Class 6.2) and radioactive substances (Class 7), are controlled by the Dangerous Goods Act 1985. <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 4.5pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 9pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;">Each class has a distinctive diamond-shaped symbol with the class number at the bottom of the diamond. These symbols appear on the labels of containers and as signs on vehicle loads. The internationally recognised symbols clearly identify the type of substance and the main danger.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span></o:p></p><div align="center"><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt outset; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt outset; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt outset; WIDTH: 86.4%; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt outset; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: outset #99CCFF .75pt" cellpadding="0" width="86%" border="1"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; BACKGROUND: #99ccff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 99.18%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; mso-border-alt: inset #99CCFF .75pt" width="99%" colspan="3"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;">Class Diamond System</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 17.66%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="17%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:black;">Symbol</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 9.56%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="9%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:black;">Class</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 71.16%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="71%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:black;">Main Danger</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 17.66%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="17%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;"><img height="75" alt="Class 1 - Explosive" src="cid:098224706@14072007-2E9D" width="75" shapes="_x0000_i1025" /><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 9.56%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="9%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;">1<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 71.16%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="71%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Substances or articles used to produce explosions.<br />(eg. gunpowder, gelignite)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 54.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 17.66%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; HEIGHT: 54.75pt; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="17%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img height="75" alt="Class 2.1 - Flammable Gas" src="cid:098224706@14072007-2EA4" width="75" shapes="_x0000_i1026" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 9.56%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; HEIGHT: 54.75pt; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="9%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;">2.1<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 71.16%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; HEIGHT: 54.75pt; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="71%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Can ignite in air on contact with a source of ignition.<br />(eg. LPG) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 17.66%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="17%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img height="75" alt="Class 2.2 - Non Flammable Gas" src="cid:098224706@14072007-2EAB" width="75" shapes="_x0000_i1027" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 9.56%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="9%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;">2.2<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 71.16%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="71%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Non flammable and non toxic, but may cause suffocation.<br />(eg. carbon dioxide, nitrogen)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 17.66%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="17%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img height="75" alt="Class 2.3 - Toxic Gas" src="cid:098224706@14072007-2EB2" width="75" shapes="_x0000_i1028" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 9.56%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="9%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;">2.3<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 71.16%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="71%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Likely to cause death or serious injury if inhaled.<br />(eg. chlorine, ammonia)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 17.66%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="17%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img height="75" alt="Class 3 - Flammable Liquid" src="cid:098224706@14072007-2EB9" width="75" shapes="_x0000_i1029" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 9.56%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="9%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;">3<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 71.16%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="71%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Vapours from these liquids can ignite in air on contact with a source of ignition.<br />(eg. petrol, kerosene)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 17.66%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="17%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img height="75" alt="Class 4.1 - Flammable" src="cid:098224706@14072007-2EC0" width="75" shapes="_x0000_i1030" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 9.56%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="9%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;">4.1<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 71.16%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="71%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Easily ignited by external sources, such as sparks and flames.<br />(eg. sulfur, matches)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 17.66%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="17%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img height="75" alt="Class 4.2 - Spontaneously Combustable" src="cid:098224706@14072007-2EC7" width="75" shapes="_x0000_i1031" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 9.56%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="9%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;">4.2<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 71.16%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="71%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Likely to heat spontaneously and ignite.<br />(eg. activated carbon, white phosphorus)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 17.66%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="17%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img height="75" alt="Class 4.3 - Dangerous When Wet" src="cid:098224706@14072007-2ECE" width="75" shapes="_x0000_i1039" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 9.56%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="9%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;">4.3<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 71.16%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="71%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Produce dangerous quantities of flammable or toxic gases when in contact with water. The heat from this reaction may cause these gases to spontaneously ignite.<br />(eg. calcium carbide sodium)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 17.66%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="17%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img height="75" alt="Class 5.1 - Oxidising Agent" src="cid:098224706@14072007-2ED5" width="75" shapes="_x0000_i1037" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 9.56%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="9%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;">5.1<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 71.16%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="71%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Not necessarily combustible by themselves, but may yeild oxygen which increases the risk and intensity of fire in other materials with which they come into contact.<br />(eg. calcium hypochlorite, ammonium nitrate)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 17.66%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="17%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img height="75" alt="Class 5.2 - Oxidising Peroxide" src="cid:098224706@14072007-2EDC" width="75" shapes="_x0000_i1038" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 9.56%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="9%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;">5.2<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 71.16%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="71%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Thermally unstable and likely to react dangerously with other substances.<br />(eg. benzoyl peroxide, MEKP)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 17.66%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="17%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img height="75" alt="Class 6 - Toxic" src="cid:098224706@14072007-2EE3" width="75" shapes="_x0000_i1035" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 9.56%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="9%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;">6<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 71.16%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="71%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Likely to cause death or serious injury if swallowed, inhaled or brought into contact with skin.<br />(eg. sodium cyanide, many pesticides)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 17.66%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="17%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img height="75" alt="Class 7 - Radioactive" src="cid:098224706@14072007-2EEA" width="75" shapes="_x0000_i1036" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 9.56%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="9%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;">7<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 71.16%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="71%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Materials or combinations of materials that emit harmful radiation.<br />(eg. uranium, radium) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 17.66%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="17%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img height="75" alt="Class 8 - Corrosive" src="cid:098224706@14072007-2EF1" width="75" shapes="_x0000_i1032" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 9.56%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="9%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;">8<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 71.16%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="71%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Solids or liquids that can damage living tissue, and may react with many other materials.<br />(eg. hydrochloric acid, caustic soda)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 17.66%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="17%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img height="75" alt="Class 9 - Miscellaneous" src="cid:098224706@14072007-2EF8" width="75" shapes="_x0000_i1033" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 9.56%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="9%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;">9<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 71.16%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="71%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Substances and articles that present a danger and not covered by other classes.<br />(eg. dry ice, asbestos)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 17.66%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="17%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img height="75" alt="Dangerous Goods" src="cid:098224706@14072007-2EFF" width="75" shapes="_x0000_i1034" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 9.56%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="9%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 3.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #99ccff 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 3.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #99ccff 1pt inset; WIDTH: 71.16%; PADDING-TOP: 3.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99ccff 1pt inset; BACKGROUND-: inset #99CCFF .75ptcolor:transparent;" width="71%" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Mixed Class Label (for road transport)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-31236680541958771052007-07-13T23:09:00.000-07:002007-07-13T23:52:55.517-07:00ANSI Color Codes<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="left"><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Why are the <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:stockticker st="on">ANSI</st1:stockticker> color codes important? What does the yellow background mean?<br /></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;"><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">The yellow background signifies that the piping may handle hazardous material. Unfortunately, much has changed in the typical plant over the last 70 years since this standard was originally conceived. The basic standard can be traced to the 1920's and use in the <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">US</st1:country-region></st1:place> military. Obviously, our definitions for what is "hazardous" has changed. Water, air or carbon dioxide, under certain situations (pressure, heat, mixture with other chemicals) are not always benign. How do we interpret, for example, materials that should be used for "fire quenching" that are also "hazardous"? Should we use the red or the yellow <st1:stockticker st="on">ANSI</st1:stockticker> scheme? Or, how do we label a pipe that carries both the liquid (which should be green) and gas form of a chemical (which should be blue)?<br /><br />Hazards, in other words, are not so easily defined. "Hazardous" may mean that the material is hazardous to a person nearby, or to the operation of the overall plant itself. Could "hazardous" mean that the materials flowing through the process piping, if not handled carefully, could contaminate the product. Or, if leaked into the atmosphere, could the chemical infect the environment or cause damage to employees after cumulative exposure over a period of years? Clearly, the <st1:stockticker st="on">ANSI</st1:stockticker> standard was written for far simpler times.<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div align="center"><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="WIDTH: 396.75pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt" cellpadding="0" width="529" border="1"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Color </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Std </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 132.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="176"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Meaning </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Example </span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Red </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">APWA </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 132.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="176"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Electric Power Lines, Cables, Conduit and Lighting Cables </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Buried High Voltage Line </span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Yellow </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">APWA </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 132.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="176"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Gas, Oil, Steam, Petroleum or Gaseous Materials </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Natural Gas Distribution Line </span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-size:85%;"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Orange</span></st1:city></st1:place><span style="font-family:Arial;"> </span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">APWA </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 132.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="176"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Communication, Alarm or Signal Lines, Cables or Conduit </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Buried Fiber Optic Cable </span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Blue </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">APWA </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 132.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="176"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Water, Irrigation and Slurry Lines </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Buried Water Line </span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Green </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">APWA </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 132.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="176"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Sewers, Drain Line </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Buried Storm Sewer Line </span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Red </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Traffic </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 132.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="176"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Prohibition </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">STOP, Yield </span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-size:85%;"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Orange</span></st1:city></st1:place><span style="font-family:Arial;"> </span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Traffic </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 132.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="176"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Temporary Work Zone </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Construction Zone Ahead </span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Yellow </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Traffic </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 132.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="176"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Caution </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Merge Ahead, Slow </span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Blue </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Traffic </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 132.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="176"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Information Signs </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Hospital </span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Brown </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Traffic </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 132.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="176"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Historical or Park </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Picnic Area Ahead </span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Green </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Traffic </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 132.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="176"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Directional Signs </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Exit 1 Mile, Go </span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Red </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-size:85%;"><st1:stockticker st="on"><span style="font-family:Arial;">ANSI</span></st1:stockticker><span style="font-family:Arial;"> Sign </span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 132.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="176"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Danger Signs, Highest Hazard </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Hazardous Voltage Will Cause Death </span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-size:85%;"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Orange</span></st1:city></st1:place><span style="font-family:Arial;"> </span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-size:85%;"><st1:stockticker st="on"><span style="font-family:Arial;">ANSI</span></st1:stockticker><span style="font-family:Arial;"> Sign </span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 132.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="176"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Warning Signs, Medium Hazard </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Hazardous Voltage May Cause Death </span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Yellow </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-size:85%;"><st1:stockticker st="on"><span style="font-family:Arial;">ANSI</span></st1:stockticker><span style="font-family:Arial;"> Sign </span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 132.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="176"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Caution Signs, Lowest Hazard </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Turn Machine Off When Not In Use </span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Blue </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-size:85%;"><st1:stockticker st="on"><span style="font-family:Arial;">ANSI</span></st1:stockticker><span style="font-family:Arial;"> Sign </span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 132.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="176"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Notice Signs </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Employees Only </span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Green </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-size:85%;"><st1:stockticker st="on"><span style="font-family:Arial;">ANSI</span></st1:stockticker><span style="font-family:Arial;"> Sign </span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 132.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="176"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Safety First Signs </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Wear Ear Plugs </span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 17"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Red </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-size:85%;"><st1:stockticker st="on"><span style="font-family:Arial;">ANSI</span></st1:stockticker><span style="font-family:Arial;"> Pipe </span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 132.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="176"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Fire Quenching Materials </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Fire Protection Water </span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 18"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Yellow </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-size:85%;"><st1:stockticker st="on"><span style="font-family:Arial;">ANSI</span></st1:stockticker><span style="font-family:Arial;"> Pipe </span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 132.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="176"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Materials Inherently Hazardous </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Chlorine </span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 19"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Blue </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-size:85%;"><st1:stockticker st="on"><span style="font-family:Arial;">ANSI</span></st1:stockticker><span style="font-family:Arial;"> Pipe </span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 132.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="176"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Materials of Inherently Low Hazard, Gas </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Compressed Air </span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 20"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Green </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-size:85%;"><st1:stockticker st="on"><span style="font-family:Arial;">ANSI</span></st1:stockticker><span style="font-family:Arial;"> Pipe </span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 132.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="176"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Materials of Inherently Low Hazard, Liquid </span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Storm Drain </span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 21; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 80.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="107"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Blue/Red/Yellow<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="45"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">NFPA 701<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 276.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="369" colspan="2"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Blue is used for Health Hazards, Red for Flammability and Yellow for reactivity<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div align="center"><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="WIDTH: 408.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; mso-cellspacing: 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="545" border="1"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: #99ccff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 403.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3" valign="bottom" width="538" colspan="7"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><st1:stockticker st="on"><strong><span style="font-family:Arial;">NSI</span></strong></st1:stockticker><strong><span style="font-family:Arial;"> Color Code for Thermocouple and Thermocouple Extension Wire</span></strong></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: #99ccff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 54.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3" valign="bottom" width="73" rowspan="2"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><st1:stockticker st="on"><strong><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">ANSI</span></strong></st1:stockticker><b><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><strong><span style="font-family:Arial;">Symbol</span></strong></span></span></b></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: #99ccff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 85.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3" valign="bottom" width="114" rowspan="2"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Wire Alloys</span></strong></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: #99ccff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 41.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3" valign="bottom" width="55" rowspan="2"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Polarity</span></strong></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: #99ccff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 90.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3" valign="bottom" width="121" colspan="2"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Thermocouple Wire Color</span></strong></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: #99ccff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 125pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3" valign="bottom" width="167" colspan="2"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">T/C Extension Wire Color</span></strong></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; page-break-inside: avoid"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: #99ccff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 52.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3" valign="bottom" width="70"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Individual</span></strong></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: #99ccff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 36.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3" valign="bottom" width="49"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Jacket</span></strong></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: #99ccff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 65.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3" valign="bottom" width="87"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Individual</span></strong></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: #99ccff; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 57.95pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e0dfe3" valign="bottom" width="77"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Jacket</span></strong></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 54.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="73"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">J</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 85.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="114"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Iron<br />Constantan</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">(TM)</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 41.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="55"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">+JP<br />-JN</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 52.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="70"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">White<br />Red</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 36.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="49"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Brown</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 65.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="87"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">White<br />Red</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 57.95pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="77"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Black</span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 54.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="73"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">K</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 85.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="114"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;">CHROMEL</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">®*</span></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><br />ALUMEL</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">®*</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 41.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="55"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">+KP<br />-KN</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 52.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="70"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Yellow<br />Red</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 36.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="49"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Brown</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 65.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="87"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Yellow<br />Red</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 57.95pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="77"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Yellow</span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 54.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="73"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">T</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 85.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="114"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Copper<br />Constantan</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">(TM)</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 41.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="55"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">+TP<br />-TN</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 52.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="70"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Blue<br />Red</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 36.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="49"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Brown</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 65.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="87"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Blue<br />Red</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 57.95pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="77"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Blue</span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 54.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="73"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">E</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 85.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="114"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;">CHROMEL</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">®*</span></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><br />Constantan</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">(TM)</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 41.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="55"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">+EP<br />-EN</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 52.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="70"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Purple<br />Red</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 36.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="49"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Brown</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 65.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="87"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Purple<br />Red</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 57.95pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="77"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Purple</span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 54.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="73"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">N</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 85.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="114"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Nicrosil</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">(TM)</span></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><br />Nisil</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">(TM)</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 41.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="55"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">+NP<br />-NN</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 52.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="70"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Orange<br />Red</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 36.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="49"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Brown</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 65.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="87"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Orange<br />Red</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 57.95pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="77"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Orange</span></st1:city></st1:place></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 54.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="73"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">RSX</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 85.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="114"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Copper<br />Copper Alloy</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 41.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="55"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">+RSP<br />-RSN</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 52.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="70"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">-</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 36.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="49"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">-</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 65.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="87"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Black<br />Red</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 57.95pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="77"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Green</span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 54.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="73"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">BX</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 85.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="114"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">PCLW630/Copper<br />Copper</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 41.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="55"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">+BP<br />-BN</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 52.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="70"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">-</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 36.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="49"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">-</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 65.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="87"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Grey<br />Red</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 57.95pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="77"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Grey</span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 54.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="73"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">W3X<br />W5X</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 85.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="114"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Alloy 203; Alloy 405<br />Alloy 225; Alloy 426</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 41.2pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="55"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">+WP<br />-WN</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 52.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="70"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">-</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 36.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="49"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">-</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 65.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="87"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">White/Red<br />Red</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 57.95pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="77"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">White/Red</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">* CHROMEL® and ALUMEL® are registered rademarks of Hoskins Manufacturing Company. <st1:stockticker st="on">PMC</st1:stockticker> Corporation reserves the right to substitute equivalent product to CHROMEL® and ALUMEL® at any time.<br />For additional information see Bare Wire Data Sheet</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><o:p><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Variations in color-coding standards are inevitable in our complex plant and pluralistic society. While laudable, harmonization of color-codes, then, will be very difficult to achieve. Many plants use other color-coding; for example, color-code each system (i.e. Lube Oil is brown, Condensate is green, etc.>) or color code by Unit (i.e. Unit 1 is yellow, Unit 2 is blue, etc.). For most plants, we recommend either the <st1:stockticker st="on">ANSI</st1:stockticker> pipe marker color codes or simply black on yellow markers. For more complex plants, we recommend a color-coding by system. For all environments, we recommend the inclusion of <st1:stockticker st="on">RTK</st1:stockticker> information on the valve or on the pipe.</span></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-12991598297724241352007-07-13T23:02:00.000-07:002007-07-13T23:51:16.530-07:00Handling and Storage of Chemicals<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1.0 Introduction<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h3><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This policy has been developed to offer guidance to staff and students on safety and safe practices which apply to working with all types of chemical substances.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Very few chemicals are completely harmless and all chemicals should be considered as being potentially hazardous and harmful to health in some way if they are used without the proper precautions. Most chemicals can be handled using simple methods providing basic principles are understood.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">When planning to use any chemical, take time to think, as ten seconds or ten minutes spent in weighing up the risks could save an injury - plan the work and find out the hazards and properties of the chemical. There is nothing wrong in seeking additional information and there are many reference books available, particularly in the Chemistry Library. If staff have not had experience in handling hazardous substances they should first contact their supervisor or School Safety Officer, Safety and Health Office or the Director of University Health Services for advice and guidance.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><a name="Control_strategies"><u><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:#000066;">Control strategies</span></span></u></a><span style="mso-bookmark: Control_strategies"></span><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> which need to be considered when using hazardous chemicals are;<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h4><ol type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Engineering and design controls such as <o:p></o:p></span></li><ul type="circle"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">elimination - is the chemical really required? <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">substitution - can it be substituted with a less hazardous chemical? <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">isolation or enclosure - can the process and persons be separated? <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">ventilation - used to control airborne contamination.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Human behaviour controls such as <o:p></o:p></span></li><ul type="circle"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">training - users need to understand and appreciate the hazard; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">supervision - essential to maintain safe systems of work; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">monitoring - may be necessary to ensure risks are under control; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">personal protective equipment - the final measure to be used.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul></ol><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Safety Guidelines<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The following guidelines provide a minimum standard for the protection of persons and property when using chemical substances:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><a name="personal"><u><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:#000066;">Personal Protection</span></span></u></a><span style="mso-bookmark: personal"></span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></h4><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Wear safety spectacles and appropriate personal protective equipment; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Food and drink must not be taken into or consumed in an area where chemicals are handled or stored; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Smoking is prohibited; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Reactions in which a toxic or flammable material is being used or is likely to be produced should be carried out in a fume cupboard; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Hazardous chemical substances must not be stored, prepared or used unless the area is properly equipped for those materials; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">First Aid equipment must be provided and its position known to the occupiers of the area.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><a name="general"><u><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:#000066;">General Protection</span></span></u></a><span style="mso-bookmark: general"></span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></h4><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Fire precautions must be suited to the chemical substances in use; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Burners or flames must not be left alight in unattended areas - use electric heating or steam baths where possible; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Cylinders of compressed and liquefied gases must be turned off at the cylinder valve when not in use and wherever possible separated from sources of heat; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Any service (water, electricity etc.) that is required to be left in use while it is unattended must carry a signed and dated notice which advises "PLEASE <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">LEAVE</st1:city> <st1:state st="on">ON</st1:state></st1:place>" and after hours contact details; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Adequate instruction must be displayed so that in an emergency, the process can be safely stopped; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Gas cylinders must be firmly anchored to the bench or wall and must only be moved with trolleys specifically designed for the purpose; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Damaged apparatus must be placed so as not to be a danger to other workers; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Winchesters must only be transported in properly designed carriers; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Running or boisterous behaviour in laboratories and workshops is forbidden.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><a name="fire"><u><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:#000066;">Fire Protection</span></span></u></a><span style="mso-bookmark: fire"></span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></h4><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">With fires or other potentially hazardous situations, if in doubt, get out and raise the appropriate alarm.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">There are five classes of fires. The different types of portable fire extinguishers and kinds of fires on which they may be used are:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:black;">Class A</span></strong><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">- Fires involving carbonaceous solids - use water, foam or dry chemical type extinguishers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:black;">Class B</span></strong><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">- Fires involving flammable liquids - use dry chemical, foam or carbon dioxide type extinguishers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:black;">Class C</span></strong><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">- Fires involving flammable gases - attempt to turn off gas if safe to do so. Evacuate.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:black;">Class D</span></strong><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">- Fires involving combustible metals - specialist advice required but smothering with sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate is suitable.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:black;">Class E</span></strong><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">- Electrical Hazards - use carbon dioxide or dry powder types. NEVER use water.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Fire blankets and a supply of dry sand or vermiculite should also be available in all laboratories and workshops.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Personnel should familiarise themselves with the location and type(s) of fire extinguisher(s) in their workplace, and should be given regular demonstrations by their School Safety Officer in the use of fire extinguishers and attend the regular emergency evacuation lectures by Safety and Health Office staff.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Classification of Chemicals<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Any chemical substance is primarily classified by its physical state as either solid, liquid or gas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A chemical may enter the body in one of the following ways:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">by ingestion; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">by absorption through the skin; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">by inhalation; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">by injection.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Once in the body the chemical may be:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">stored in body organs or tissues <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">metabolised to either a more harmful or less harmful substance; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">excreted from the body either unchanged or as a metabolite;<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Different chemicals cause a wide range of health effects. The various chemical groups are<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">acute poisons where a short exposure causes an immediate effect; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">chronic toxins which cause harm due to prolonged exposure; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">corrosive chemicals or irritants which usually affect mucous membranes (mouth, nose, throat, lungs); <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">allergins or sensitisers which cause a change in the bodys reaction to that substance, so that subsequent exposure causes a reaction, such as dermatitis or asthma; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">carcinogens which are chemicals capable of producing cancer; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">mutagens which alter the genetic code of cells and can cause mutations; and <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">teratogens which affect the growth of the fertilised egg and embryo, also causing mutations;<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">General Laboratory Practice<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Technological advances and the implementation of new methods in recent years have considerably increased basic safety in many laboratories.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><a name="laboratory"><u><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:#000066;">Laboratory Organisation</span></span></u></a><span style="mso-bookmark: laboratory"></span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></h4><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Good house-keeping is essential in accident prevention in all workplaces but especially in laboratories. Benches should be kept tidy and walkways clear. All bottles should be clearly labelled and fitted with stoppers or lids when not in use.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Adequate clamping and framework must be used when erecting apparatus and if for any reason work has to be carried out above head height a platform must be constructed with safe access thereto.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Warning signs should be placed in areas clearly visible to all laboratory personnel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">All accidents and hazards must be reported at once in accordance with the recognised University accident reporting procedure (See Section 1, Appendix 3).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><a name="safety"><u><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:#000066;">Safety Equipment</span></span></u></a><span style="mso-bookmark: safety"></span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></h4><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Priority should always be given to eliminating or reducing hazards either by substitution of less hazardous materials, less hazardous processes or by engineering controls eg. ventilation, containment.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Where hazards cannot be eliminated, personal protective equipment must be worn. Although due care should be exercised at all times when using chemicals, the protection of the individual from the result of error in procedure or technique is still necessary. The type of protection will depend upon the task undertaken but it is important to remember that protective devices do not eliminate hazards - they only minimise the effects.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Eye protection<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Eye protection must be worn at all times whenever chemicals are handled or when glass apparatus is evacuated or recharged with gas or taken above atmospheric pressure.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Normal eye protection should take the form of wrap around poly-carbonate goggles or safety spectacles with side shields, Safety spectacles are now available that are comfortable, lightweight and stylish but combine high impact resistant lenses. A half or full face visor may be necessary for some jobs.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Whenever a chemical process is being undertaken in conjunction with the use of lasers, ultra-violet radiation or other intense light, specialised eye protection is required. Details are available from the Radiation Protection Office.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Contact lenses are dangerous in laboratories and should not be worn unless they are essential for therapeutic reasons. If they are worn then a face shield must also be worn. Gases and vapours can become concentrated and immobilised under the lenses and cause serious eye damage. If chemical splashes occur, it is almost impossible to remove the lenses to irrigate the eye thoroughly. Soft lenses are especially dangerous, as even behind a face shield, they may absorb vapours and stick to the eye.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Gloves<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Plastic gloves of a suitable weight are essential laboratory equipment. They should be worn when strong acids, strong alkalis and organic liquids and other chemicals which may be absorbed across the skin are being handled. They may also act as an effective barrier to chemicals which may be dermal sensitisers. It should be noted that various types of gloves can be pervious to some chemicals.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Clothing<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Laboratory coats should always be used since they offer a good first line of defence in an accident situation and can readily be removed in a hurry. Care should be taken in the selection of the type of laboratory coat - light cotton with ribbed close fitting sleeve cuffs is recommended; nylon is not recommended as it is easily destroyed by heat; synthetic fibres offer poor protection against liquids by allowing passage through the material with little or no absorption.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Footwear<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Because of the possibility of chemical spills and glass breakage, enclosed footwear is essential. Thongs and sandals shall not be worn in a laboratory.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Respirators<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Respirators appropriate to the chemical in use, particularly gases, should always be made available. However, they should be viewed as a second line of defence for use in an emergency and must not be used as standard day-to-day equipment. Beards do not allow respirators to fit properly. Persons with beards attempting to use respirators may end up inhaling hazardous airborne materials.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Other Personal Protection<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">For the more toxic chemicals, complete body protection may be desirable. Such items as rubber boots, leggings, plastic or rubber aprons and arm length gloves may be required.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">In some instances, a process may require the full and unimpaired use of the hands as well as protection and suitable barrier creams may be employed. These however must be chosen with great care as they are unsuitable for all situations. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><a name="ventilation"></a><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Adequate ventilation of laboratories is essential!<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Fume cupboards are the most commonly used means of removing gases, dusts, mists vapours and fumes from laboratory operations thereby minimising the toxic exposure and flammable concentrations.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">To be effective, the fume cupboard and its associated components must confine the contaminants within the cupboard, remove them through the ductwork and ensure that they do not return to the building via the fresh air supply systems (mechanical or natural).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The air velocity across the fume cupboard face is the basic requirement for the capture and control of contaminants and an intake velocity of 0.5 metres per second with the sash fully opened is required.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">For storage of chemicals requiring continuous ventilation, particularly organic solvents, special fire resistant storage cabinets should be used. In some cases, these storage cabinets may be exhausted by being connected into the exhaust duct from a continuously operating fume cupboard. However, in most cases a separate exhaust system is required.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Local exhaust ventilation works by capturing the contaminants near their point of release and removing them from the operator’s breathing zone. Common types include extraction fans and exhaust hoods.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><a name="australian"><u><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Australian Standard</span></span></u></a><span style="mso-bookmark: australian"></span><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> AS2243, Part 8 - 1992 Safety in Laboratories, Fume Cupboards, is the accepted reference for information on all aspects of fume cupboard operations. The following is a summary of the major requirements given in the standard:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1. Requires a uniform face velocity with an average value of 0.5 metres per second<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2. Transparent, easily moveable horizontally sliding or vertically rising sash;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3. Minimum sash opening to limit the face velocity and to ensure an adequate air flow to dilute the exhaust of heat and fumes generated within the cupboard. The maximum sash opening for safe working should be clearly marked;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">4. Provision of fume scrubbers or wash down facilities if the fume cupboard is to be used for procedures involving perchloric acid digestion or other large scale digestions or evaporations using aggressive acids;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">5. All controls for services to be colour coded and placed on the outer surface of the fume cupboard;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">6. Reduction of turbulence within the fume cupboard by aerodynamic leading edges and aerofoils;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">7. Regular six-monthly maintenance check and testing of face velocity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><a name="legislation"><u><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:#000066;">2.0 Legislation</span></span></u></a><span style="mso-bookmark: legislation"></span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984 refers to the duty of manufacturers, importers and suppliers to provide toxicological data and other such data as is relevant to the safe handling, use, processing, storage transportation and disposal of substances provided by them. (Section 23 (3)).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">In addition a number of different Acts and Regulations endeavour to control other aspects of chemical usage in <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">Western Australia</st1:state></st1:place> and this University is obliged to comply with the relevant parts of the following legislation:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Dangerous Goods (Road Transport) Regulations (1983) <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Environmental Protection Act (1986) <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Explosive Regulations (1963) <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Explosives and Dangerous Goods Act (1961) <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Flammable Liquids Act (1967) <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Health Act (1911) <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Pesticide Regulations (1956) <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Poisons Act (1964) and Regulations (1965) <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Radiation Safety Act (1975) and Regulations (1986)<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><a name="handling"><u><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:#000066;">Handling of Chemicals</span></span></u></a><span style="mso-bookmark: handling"></span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></h4><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Handling of chemicals must be carried out with great care and the following procedures shall be observed:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1. Obtain and read the manufacturer’s material safety data sheet (MSDS) for every chemical used;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2. Use the minimum amount of any chemical and if there is a choice, use the least toxic or least flammable substances;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3. Clearly label all containers and include a standard warning label as necessary. Always carry out correct storage and disposal procedures:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">4. Lock scheduled drugs and poisons in a cupboard;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">5. Use correct handling methods, protective devices and clothing required for the particular substance;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">6. Find out beforehand the correct treatment, in the case of an accident, for the harmful effects of hazardous materials;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">7. Wash hands after handling chemicals.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:black;">In addition the following procedures should </span></strong><em><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:black;">always</span></b></em><strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:black;"> be observed:</span></strong><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">NEVER allow toxic materials to get into the mouth or touch the lips; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">NEVER pipette solutions by mouth; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">NEVER put bottles of acids or alkalis on high shelves; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">NEVER pour water into concentrated acids; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">NEVER sniff at possibly toxic materials; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">NEVER store any flammable solvent in a domestic refrigerator unless the storage compartment has been modified to ensure it is non-sparking; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">NEVER work alone if performing hazardous procedures.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Spillage of chemicals should be dealt with immediately. The method employed will depend upon the type of material spilt and the surface on which it has been spilt.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Flammable and explosive vapours should be prevented from spreading and the area isolated or evacuated if necessary.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">For liquid spills, the area should be roped off as someone may be unaware of the spill and could slip on the floor with subsequent injury.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Compressed and Liquefied Gases<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Gases in laboratories and workshops are stored in three ways:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1. High pressure cylinders. eg. oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, methane.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2. Liquefied or dissolved gases in cylinders under pressure. eg propane, ethylene, acetylene, chlorine, ammonia, sulphur dioxide.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3. Liquefied gases in very low temperature jacketed containers at 1 atmosphere pressure. eg. air, oxygen, nitrogen, neon.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Gas Cylinders<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1. All operations should be carried out with the cylinder in an upright position either in a cylinder stand or secured in a holder with a ring and chain. It may be hazardous to lay the cylinder on the floor since if the valve is dislodged the cylinder may become a projectile.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2. Cylinders which are dropped must not be used as the connections or valves may be damaged.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3. Full cylinders should be separated from empty ones. Empty cylinders should be left with a slightly positive pressure and the cylinder valve closed and marked MT with the date.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">4. Gas cylinders must not be allowed to become hot.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">5. Cylinder valves should be opened carefully and be unscrewed more than two or three turns but never fully opened.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">6. Faulty valves, regulators and pressure gauges must not be used. If the gas in the cylinder is corrosive or poisonous, adequate precautions should be taken before it is used and the equipment for an emergency should be readily available, eg. respirator, breathing apparatus. Never use oil or grease on valves or gauges.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">7. Oxygen cylinders shall be stored separately from cylinders containing acetylene or other combustible gases<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Only personnel suitably instructed or trained in the correct procedure should handle the liquid gases: nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, air or solid carbon dioxide.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Liquefied Gases<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h4><h5 style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1. Containers<o:p></o:p></span></span></h5><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Liquefied gases at atmospheric pressure are contained in vacuum-jacketed vessels or, if they boil at very low temperatures, with a guard jacket of liquid nitrogen surrounding them.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h5 style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2. Transfer<o:p></o:p></span></span></h5><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">If the boiling point of the gas is below that of liquid air, care must be taken in transferring the liquid from stock to the apparatus, ie. into a Dewar-type vessel or a cryostat. A vacuum-jacketed syphon must be used; if the gas is poured from the container a plug of solid air may form in the outlet. These operations may be taken only after consultation with the suppliers of the liquefied gas. It is sometimes convenient to transfer liquid oxygen or nitrogen from its container by pressurisation. This may be done safely if the appropriate dry gas is used and if appropriate precautions to prevent over pressure of the containing vessel are taken.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h5 style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3. Empties<o:p></o:p></span></span></h5><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Containers of liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen should not be completely emptied; occasionally they should be allowed to warm up to ambient temperature and they should be purged with dry nitrogen.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h5 style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">4. Spills<o:p></o:p></span></span></h5><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">If liquid nitrogen is spilled, the surrounding atmosphere will not support life. Spilled liquid oxygen will greatly increase the risk of fire. If liquid hydrogen or methane is spilled, a flammable or explosive mixture will result; if a fire starts, treat it as for a petrol fire.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h5 style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">5. Use of Liquid Nitrogen<o:p></o:p></span></span></h5><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Traps open to air at atmospheric pressure must not be placed where they can be cooled by liquid nitrogen. Liquid nitrogen is sufficiently cold to condense air enriched in oxygen from the atmosphere and quite large quantities of liquid air may accumulate in an open vessel cooled by liquid nitrogen. The liquid oxygen will evaporate vigorously if the coolant is removed.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h5 style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">6. Use of Liquid Oxygen<o:p></o:p></span></span></h5><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Liquid oxygen must not be allowed to mix with flammable material as a high-potential hazard will result.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h5 style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">7. Use of Dry Ice<o:p></o:p></span></span></h5><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Large quantities of dry ice should not be used in a confined space unless adequate forced ventilation is provided. Dry ice must never be handled with bare hands or cloth gloves as a severe burn may result.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h5 style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">8. Use of Other Gases<o:p></o:p></span></span></h5><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Instructions for handling liquid hydrogen, helium, argon and methane should be sought from the suppliers; any experimental work should be based on their advice. It is common practice to put liquefied gases into "Dewar" flasks. Ensure that such flasks are taped or boxed to guard against implosion.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Agricultural Chemicals <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Special chemical hazards in the form of pesticides are occasionally encountered by the grounds staff and some personnel in the Faculty of Agriculture and Schools of Botany and Zoology.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Recognised pesticides include a wide variety of chemical types, some of which are stable while others break down under certain environmental conditions, eg. water, temperature. The term 'pesticide" includes any substance or mixture of substances intended for prevention or control of any unwanted species of plant or animal, or for use as a plant-growth regulator, defoliant or desiccant. It includes the following categories; <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">* fungicide <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">* rodenticide<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">* herbicide <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">* veterinary chemicals<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">* insecticide<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Inhalation and skin absorption are the most common routes of entry. Inhaled pesticides are almost completely absorbed by the lungs and risk is increased when a pesticide is used in a confined space, eg. glass house. The appropriate respiratory protection device must be used - cartridge or canister respirators and supplied air devices. Respiratory protection is not effective for persons with beards. This apparatus should be checked frequently for deterioration and following use should be washed thoroughly with soap and water. Organic solvents must not be used to clean these respirators.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Most of the commonly used pesticides may be absorbed through the skin. Protective clothing is necessary (overalls, disposable gloves, waterproof boots and a face shield) and is compulsory when using organochlorine pesticides (eg. dieldrin, lindane and heptachlor) and organophosphorous pesticides (eg. malathion and parathion). Any cuts or abrasions should be covered with waterproof dressing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Containers must be clearly labelled showing their contents, instructions for use and safety procedures. Supervisors should hold copies of the suppliers or manufacturers safety data sheets.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Pesticides should be kept in separate locked storage facilities with access restricted to responsible and informed persons.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Following treatment with a pesticide, warning notices should be displayed showing the name of the pesticide, date of application, safe re-entry date and the name of the responsible officer. All equipment, including tractors, must be appropriately de-contaminated at a suitable site.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Detailed requirements for the handling and storage of pesticides are contained in Australian Standards AS2507 - 1981, a copy of which is available in the Physical Sciences Library and the Pesticides Regulations 1956 (WA).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Photographic Chemicals<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Persons who work in photographics laboratories and dark rooms come into contact with a large number of chemicals many of which are hazardous.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Principles of safety in laboratories extend to photographic work.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><a name="measurement"><u><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:#000066;">Measurement and Monitoring</span></span></u></a><span style="mso-bookmark: measurement"></span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></h4><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">If there is a possibility of a significant exposure to a hazardous substance then monitoring is required. Since the most likely route of entry into the body is by inhalation, measurement of air-borne contaminants is an important procedure.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The most widely adopted unit of measurement is the threshold limit value, TLV, which is an indication of the concentration to which a person can be continually exposed during a normal working 8 hour day. The unit is expressed in parts per million in air (ppm) or milligrams per cubic metre of air (mg/m3).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Air monitoring is done in several ways.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Fixed Point Monitoring<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h4><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">A sensor or collecting device is placed in a fixed position in the workplace; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Samples are taken continuously or at regular intervals;<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Personal Sampling<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h4><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Individuals wear either a badge (passive monitoring) or a charcoal tube and a small pump (active monitoring); <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Analysis is carried out in the laboratory; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">The contaminant collected by the badge or tube is an indication of the amount being inhaled; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Wearing of the tube and pump can be a nuisance so this method is only used as a means of checking the relevance of fixed point monitoring; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Badges have been shown to be widely inaccurate.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Grab Sampling<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h4><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">A known volume of workplace air is drawn by a small hand pump through a glass containing a test chemical; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">The extent of discolouration of the test chemical indicates the amount of pollution present; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">The discolouration extends down the tube which is calibrated in parts per million of contaminant; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Tubes are available for a large range of chemicals (>200).<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><a name="storage"><u><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:#000066;">Storage of Chemicals</span></span></u></a><span style="mso-bookmark: storage"></span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></h4><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">All chemicals must be stored under appropriate conditions as specified in AS 1940 and AS 2243.10. The storage area should be located some distance from any work area and only minimal quantities of chemicals sufficient for the task being undertaken should be kept at the workplace.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Amounts of flammable solvents should be restricted to minimum quantities necessary and stored in fire resistant cabinets. Glass bottles containing liquid chemicals must be stored on properly secured shelves or in sectioned crates. Do not allow direct sunlight onto reagent bottles.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Do not store chemicals on high shelves or leave loose on the floor.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Dissimilar reactive materials must be kept separated. It is undesirable to store the following in proximity to one another:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Strong acids, bases, oxidising and reducing agents; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Strong acids with ammonia; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Perchloric acid with alcohol or oils: <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Nitric acid with alcohol or acetone; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Hydrogen peroxide with organics (particularly acetone); <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Benzoyl peroxide or sodium peroxide with organics; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Permanganate with glycerols, glycols or other organics.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p><strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:black;">BEWARE! </span></strong><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The use of plastic containers for some chemicals is not recommended.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Volatile flammables and other dangerous chemicals should not be stored on the shelves or in the door of refrigerators. If refrigerated storage is necessary for these types of chemicals then the refrigerator storage compartment must be fitted with spark-free and explosion-proof controls and the chemicals must be neatly stored (in minimal quantities) on the main shelves. It is recommended that only spark free refrigerators be used in laboratory areas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><em><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:black;">Note:</span></em><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">University Schools located at the QE II Medical Centre should refer to the current procedures for chemical storage in relation to the hazardous chemical and bulk chemical stores located on the QE II site.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Workshops<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The safety code already given for laboratories also applies to workshops. There are however additional points in relation to chemical safety which are particularly relevant to workshops.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">These include;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1. Harmful or potentially harmful processes should be carried out using properly designed and well maintained equipment and where practicable in separate areas restricted to a minimum or persons;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2. If harmful concentrations of fumes or gases develop in certain processes, specific provision should be made for their extraction using local exhaust ventilation in addition to the general ventilation of the workshop;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3. Provision should be made to afford protection against chemical agencies such as harmful dusts, mists, vapours;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">4. Chemicals bearing trade names should not be used unless the supplier or manufacturer provides a material safety data sheet giving full information on the precautions which need to be taken when handling the chemical;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">5. The possibility of toxic or flammable gases existing or being generated should be indicated by proximately displayed notices.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Requirements and precautions to be taken for specific workshop processes are detailed in Australian Standard AS1485 - 1983, Safety and Health in Workrooms of Educational Establishments (Section 10). A copy of which is available for reference in the Mathematics and Physical Sciences (<st1:stockticker st="on">FIZ</st1:stockticker>) library.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Some of the more important aspects of hazardous workshop processes are:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Solvent Degreasing<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The following solvents are permitted for use in workshops:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Trichloroethane<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h3><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This should always be used in a fume cupboard and only for small scale operations;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Trichloroethylene & Perchloroethylene<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h3><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">These should only be used in equipment specifically designed and in a well ventilated area free from draught. These solvents have anaesthetic properties and are harmful when inhaled or on contact with the skin producing:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Headaches, nausea, vomiting, mental confusion, visual disturbances and even unconsciousness; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Dermatitis.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Caustic alkalis MUST NOT be used with trichloroethylene or perchloroethylene as they produce an explosive mixture.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The following MUST NOT be used with trichloroethylene or perchloroethylene as they can produce an explosive mixture.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Aluminium <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Ozone <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Barium <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Potassium Hydroxide <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Lithium <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Potassium Nitrate <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Magnesium <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Sodium <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Liquid Oxygen <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Sodium Hydroxide <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Nitrogen Tetroxide <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Titanium <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The use of solvents having either high flammability or high toxicity for use in solvent degreasing operations is not recommended. Such solvents include:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">petrol, alcohol, kerosene, ketones and esters (high flammability); <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">benzene, carbon tetrachloride (high toxicity)<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Solvent degreasing processes using flammable solvents shall not be carried out near open flames or electric heaters.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Spillages should be mopped up with rags or by absorbing in sawdust, dry sand or earth and removing to an open space. Incinerators MUST NOT be used.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:black;">Electroplating and Anodising</span></strong><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The floor of any electroplating area should be of impervious material and chemically resistant to the substances used in the electroplating process. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Tanks must be clearly labelled 'POISON' or 'CORROSIVE' and show the names of the chemical constituents. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Special ventilation provisions apply to chromium and cadmium plating baths (see Section 10.5.3 in AS1485 - 1986).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The relevant authorities should be consulted to determine any special arrangements for disposal of waste. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:black;">Spray painting and Coating</span></strong><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">All spray painting should be done in a properly constructed and mechanically ventilated booth. The spray area in which all operations and personnel need to be properly supervised is defined as the area within the booth and within 3 metres of the entrances to any booth.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Anyone engaged in or exposed to spray painting of lead paint, silica paint or epoxy resin must wear suitable protective clothing and head covering.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The following substances are prohibited for use in spray painting operations:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><ol type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Carbon bisulphide and carbon tetrachloride; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Tetrachloroethane; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Arsenic or any of its compounds; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Any compound containing >1% benzene or methanol. <o:p></o:p></span></li></ol><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The following substances may be used:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Amyl, methyl amyl and n-butyl acetates; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Mineral turpentine; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Toluene and xylene.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p><strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:black;">Welding and Soldering</span></strong><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Many materials and coatings give off toxic fumes during welding. These include galvanised iron and compounds of cadmium, lead, zinc and many similar metals.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Inhalation of fumes can be avoided if the following precautions are observed:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list .5in"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Use the least toxic material or process practicable<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list .5in"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ensure there is adequate ventilation in the form of a moveable exhaust hood or if not available, an appropriate respiratory protective device should be used.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">First Aid<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This section is not meant to be a complete first aid guide; only the essential points are given. With chemicals prompt action is often essential.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:black;">Heat and Chemical Burns to Body</span></strong><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .5in"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">If clothing is on fire, lay person down immediately to stop the spread of the flames;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .5in"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Put out the flames by rolling the person in a blanket or by immediately holding them under a shower if one is available;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .5in"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ask someone to contact the nearest first aid officer to give treatment. A list of first aid personnel is given in the first section of this manual;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .5in"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Do not attempt to pull away clothing or remove any substance which has burnt into the skin.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:black;">Chemical Burns to Eyes</span></strong><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">These injuries require <strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;">instant</span></strong> treatment:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:black;">Irrigate the eyes with water under the tap or direct into the eye(s) a stream of water from a wash bottle - do this for at least 20 minutes; <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Make no attempt to touch the eye(s) or remove any particles from it. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Persons with eye injuries should be transported to the Emergency Department at <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Sir</st1:placename> <st1:placename st="on">Charles</st1:placename> <st1:placename st="on">Gairdner</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Hospital</st1:placetype></st1:place>. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:black;">Acute Poisoning (by ingestion)</span></strong><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Treatment depends upon the nature of the substance swallowed, but generally:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Seek medical aid urgently (Ph: <strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2222</span></strong> - main<strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span></strong>Crawley Campus); <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Do not induce vomiting; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Give copious amounts of water or milk; <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:black;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Wipe the substance away from the mouth and face.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Vomiting should only be induced if the poison is a medicinal substance - SYRUP OF IPECACUANHA should be given, if available, to achieve this.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3.95pt"><a name="special"><u><span style="font-size:10;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:#000066;">Special Hazards</span></span></u></a><span style="mso-bookmark: special"></span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></h4><h5 style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Acids<o:p></o:p></span></span></h5><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">For skin and eyes, wash copiously with water for at least 20 minutes.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">If acid has entered mouth, wash with water and a dilute solution of sodium bicarbonate. If swallowed, give water and milk of magnesia and then magnesium carbonate solution.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h5 style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Oxalic Acid<o:p></o:p></span></span></h5><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">If swallowed, administer chalk in water or magnesium carbonate solution.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h5 style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Hydrofluoric Acid<o:p></o:p></span></span></h5><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rapidly remove all contaminated clothing. Flush affected area with large quantities of cold water. Apply CALCIUM GLUCONATE <st1:stockticker st="on">GEL</st1:stockticker> on and around the burn. Remove the patient to hospital, continuing the treatment in transit for at least fifteen minutes after pain ceases.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h5 style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Narcotic Vapours - Volatile Chlorinated Hydrocarbons<o:p></o:p></span></span></h5><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Remove contaminated clothing, lie the person down and keep the person warm. Oxygen may be required and artificial respiration given if breathing stops.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h5 style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cyanide and Hydrocyanic Acid<o:p></o:p></span></span></h5><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Speed is essential. There is no approved First Aid for cyanide poisoning that can be performed by non-qualified personnel. Oxygen should be administered by a First Aid Officer qualified in oxygen resuscitation. Ring for an ambulance and also call Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Emergency Department (9346 2396) to inform them that a patient suffering cyanide poisoning will be arriving by ambulance.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">University Accident and Hazard Reporting System<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p><span style="font-size:10;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The University accident and hazard reporting system utilises several forms each to be used in different circumstances. These forms should be available in each School and obtainable from the School Safety Officer, School Administrative Officer or Technical Administrative Officer<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-43683098029940165062007-07-10T22:16:00.001-07:002007-07-11T16:02:37.280-07:00Radiation Protection<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Radiation Protection is an applied discipline. The purpose is to define the limits within which some human activities with potentially harmful consequence may safely be carried out.<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">All classified workers should have valid licence / certificate issued by, Radiation Protection Department of Ministry of Health. At least two classified persons should be employed on every radiography job (One radiographer and the other an assistant with sufficient knowledge in safe working).<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">The protection against exposure to source of radiation depends upon the following factors:<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRoman; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanfont-family:TimesNewRoman;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="font-size:100%;">A)</span><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Keeping longer safe working distance from the source of radiation as far as possible.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRoman; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanfont-family:TimesNewRoman;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="font-size:100%;">B)</span><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Minimise the duration of radiation exposure by careful planning & execution.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: TimesNewRoman; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanfont-family:TimesNewRoman;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="font-size:100%;">C)</span><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Interposing attenuating (protective) high dense barriers such as lead sheet, steel objects etc between the source of radiation and the operator during exposure.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman,Bold;">MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DOSE (MPLS)</span></b><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><div align="center"><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 2.05in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="197" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman,Bold;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">EXPOSED PART OF<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman,Bold;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">THE BODY<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 161.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="215" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman,Bold;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">RADIATION WORKERS<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman,Bold;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">(CLASSIFIED)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman,Bold;">(DESIGNATED)</span></b><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 175.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="234" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman,Bold;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">NON-RADIATION<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman,Bold;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">WORKERS (ASSOCIATED<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><b><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman,Bold;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">WORKERS-Students,<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman,Bold;">Trainees between age 16-18)</span></b><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 2.05in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="197" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Whole body<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 161.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="215" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">20 mSv (2rem) per year, Averaged<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">over 5 yrs.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Not exceeding 50mSv(5 rem) in<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">any one year<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Except females (13mSv or 1.3 rems<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">/ calendar) quarter<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 175.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="234" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">6 mSv (0.6 rem)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 2.05in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="197" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Lens of the eyes single or<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">with other organs<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 161.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="215" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">150 mSv (15 rem)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 175.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="234" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">50mSv (1.5rem)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 2.05in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="197" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Skin (100cm) single or<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">with other organs<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 161.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="215" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">500 mSv (50 rem)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 175.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="234" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">150 mSv (15 rem)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 2.05in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="197" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Hands, Forearms feet and<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">ankles single or with<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">other organs<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 161.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="215" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">500 mSv (50 rem)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 175.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; BACKGROUND-: solid windowtext .5ptcolor:transparent;" valign="top" width="234" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">150 mSv (15 rem)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">The maximum permissible dose listed above applies to a person of age 18 years or above<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman,Bold;font-size:10;"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">In case of radiation workers it is based on the life time dose of the individual where:<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">D = 5(N - 18)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">D = Dose (expressed in rems) absorbed by Tissue<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">N = Age in years<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">It will be noted that an individual may receive a relatively high dose of 20 mSv (2 rem) averaged over 5 years but must not exceed an accumulative dose in excess of 50 mSv or 5 rem in any one year. Dose limit for radiation worker in <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Kuwait</st1:place></st1:country-region> is 1.6mSv/ Month (60 mr / month). It is vital that actual hours worked should be taken into account for assessing MPL.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:SymbolMT;"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family:SymbolMT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span></span><b><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman,Bold;">STANDING INSTRUCTIONS:<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">The following instructions are to be rigidly adhered to by "Classified" users of "Radiography Equipment".<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><ol style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Classified worker should check for the following prior to the Radiography work: Type of work, location, quantum of work, type of radiation source available & its strength, radiation monitoring, warning devices & tools such as remote operated Cee Vee tongs, transport containers to face any emergency.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Film badges and dosimeters are to be worn at all times while handling or operating radiography equipment.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Dosimeters readings are to be checked (prior to and following exposure to radiation), by the person(s) who is/are handling or operating the radiography equipment.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Dosimeters readings are to be checked weekly by Inspection Engineer (Svcs) and a record kept of all such readings.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">A survey of camera and guide to be taken after each exposure to make sure that the source is in its shielded position.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Use collimators whenever possible to reduce the useful beam to minimum size necessary for work. This is an important device for reducing the radiation dose.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Should a dosimeter reading in excess of 0.1 rems be noted after any Radiography Equipment operation or at the end of working week, it is to be reported to Inspection Engineer (Svcs)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">When a dosage in excess of 0.1 rems is recorded, the person concerned shall cease, forthwith, to use the Radiography Equipment for an appropriate period of time (until the month end if it is with in the monthly dose limit 160 mr). Such a period will depend on the excess dosage received and determined by Preventive Medical Services.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">In case a person receives a single dosage of 3 rems or more, arrangements will be made through Health & Environment Team to get that person medically examined at Hospital. Also the film badge of the person should be sent immediately to Radiation protection department (RPD) to process & verify the dose received by the radiographer. RPD's advice to be followed.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">All classified workers who are authorized to carry out radiography work will be referred through Preventive Medical Services to Hospital for blood examination at six-month intervals and for physical examination every year.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;">The radiation level at the boundary of defined barricaded (cordon off area) area must not exceed 2.5</span><span style="font-family:SymbolMT;">µ</span><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;">Sv / hr (0.25 m rem/hr)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">It is forbidden for personnel using radiography source to leave the equipment unattended.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">All vehicles used for the transportation or Radiography source or equipment shall have Warning Notice posted on the sides & back.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">On completion of radiography operations and before returning the source to X-Ray room pit (Safe Storage location) it is to be ensured that it is securely locked and there is no radioactive leakage in the area.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Leakage tests shall be carried out for the radiography camera involved in any fall or damage during transportation or work to make sure the camera is safe for further use.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Extra care shall be taken by the authorized personnel, while transferring newly acquired isotopes from "sealed storage" to "Operational Container".<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">A monthly record of source movement along with used film badge will be sent to the Radiation Protection Dept., Ministry of Health before every 5</span></span><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:8;">th </span><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">of the month, with a copy marked to Inspection & Corrosion Team.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">In case of emergencies involving radiation accidents Inspection Engineer (Svcs), TL Inspection & Corrosion (S&E), HSE team to be informed. Once the emergency has been recognized, the next step is to call the radiation protection department for assistance.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></li></ol><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:SymbolMT;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman,Bold;">SAFE WORKING DISTANCE</span></b><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;">: THE INVERSE SQUARE LAW states that the intensity (dose rate) is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the radioactive source. The safe distance for a classified (radiological) worker is that distance where the dose rate does not exceed 10 </span><span style="font-family:SymbolMT;">µ</span><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;">Sv / hr (205 mrh). For associated workers the dose rate must not exceed 0.75 mrh.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">This is the distance at which three dimensional control barriers must be set up for any situation involving unclassified workers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-74271921437517100712007-07-04T17:32:00.005-07:002007-07-13T23:19:31.709-07:00Process Safety Review Checklist<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><p><span style="color:black;">Note: Consider the check list in terms not only of steady-state operation, but also startup, shutdown, and upsets of all conceivable types.<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="color:#0021a5;">Materials</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What process materials are unstable or spontaneously ignitable? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What evaluation has been made of impact sensitivity? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Has an evaluation of possible uncontrolled reaction or decomposition been made? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What data are available on amount and rate of heat evolution during decomposition of any material in the process? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What precautions are necessary for flammable materials? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">6.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What flammable dust hazards exist? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">7.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What materials are highly toxic? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">8.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What has been done to assure that materials of construction are compatible with the chemical process materials that are involved? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">9.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What maintenance control is necessary to assure replacement of proper materials, e.g., to avoid excessive corrosion, to avoid producing hazardous compounds with reactants? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">10.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What changes have occurred in composition of raw materials and what resulting changes are in process? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">11.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What is done to assure sufficient control of raw material identification and quality? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">12.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What hazards can be created by failure of supply of one or more raw materials? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">13.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What assurance is there of adequate raw material supply? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">14.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What hazards can occur as a result of loss of gas for purging, blanketing, or inerting? How certain is gas supply? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">15.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What precautions need to be considered relative to stability of all materials in storage? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">16.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What fire extinguishing agents are compatible with process materials? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">17.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What fire emergency equipment and procedures are being provided? <o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="color:#0021a5;">Reactions</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">How are potentially hazardous reactions isolated? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What process variables could, or do, approach limiting conditions for hazard? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What unwanted hazardous reactions can be developed through unlikely flow or process conditions or through contamination? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What combustible mixtures can occur within equipment? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What precautions are taken for processes operating near or inside the flammable limits? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">6.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What are process margins of safety for all reactants and intermediates? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">7.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What reaction rate data are available on the normal, or abnormally possible, reactions? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">8.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">How much heat must be removed for normal, or abnormally possible, exothermic reactions? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">9.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">How thoroughly is chemistry of the process known? (See NFPA 93Manual of Hazardous Chemical Reactions94.) <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">10.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What foreign materials can contaminate the process and create hazards? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">11.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What provision is made for rapid disposal of reactants if required by plant emergency? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">12.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What provisions are made for handling impending runaways and for short-stopping an existing runaway? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">13.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">How fully is the chemistry of all desired and undesired reactions known? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">14.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What hazardous reactions could develop as a result of mechanical equipment (pump, agitator, etc.) failure? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">15.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What hazardous process conditions can result from gradual or sudden blockage in equipment? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">16.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What raw materials or process materials can be adversely affected by extreme weather conditions? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">17.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What process changes have been made since the previous process safety review? <o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="color:#0021a5;">Operations</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">When was the written operating procedure last reviewed and revised? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">How are new operating personnel trained on initial operation and experienced operating personnel kept up-to-date on plant operating procedures, especially for startup, shutdown, upsets, and emergencies? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What plant revisions have been made since the last process safety review? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What special cleanup requirements are there before startup and how are these checked? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What emergency valves and switches cannot be reached readily? What procedures are there to cope with these situations? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">6.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What safety precautions are needed in loading liquids into, or withdrawing them from, tanks? Has the possibility of static electricity creation been adequately taken care of? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">7.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What process hazards are introduced by routine maintenance procedures? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">8.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What evaluation has been made of the hazards of sewered materials during normal and abnormal operation? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">9.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">How dependable are supplies of inerting gas and how easily can supplies to individual units be interrupted? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">10.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What safety margins have been narrowed by revisions of design or construction in efforts to debottleneck operations, reduce cost, increase capacity, or improve quality? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">11.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What provisions does the operating manual have for coverage of startup, shutdown, upsets and emergencies? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">12.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What economic evaluation has dictated whether a batch process or a continuous one is used? <o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="color:#0021a5;">Equipment</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">In view of process changes since the last process safety review, how was adequate size of equipment assured? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are any venting systems manifolded, and if so, what hazards can result? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What procedure is there for assuring adequate liquid level in liquid seals? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What is the potential for external fire which may create hazardous internal process conditions? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Is explosion suppression equipment needed to stop an explosion once started? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">6.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Where are flame arresters and detonation arresters needed? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">7.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">In confined areas, how is open fired equipment protected from spills? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">8.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What safety control Is maintained over storage areas? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">9.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">In the case of equipment made of glass or other fragile material, can a more durable material be used? If not, is the fragile material adequately protected to minimize breakage? What is the hazard resulting from breakage? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">10.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are sight glasses on reactors provided only where positively needed? On pressure or toxic reactors, are special sight glasses provided which have a capability to withstand high pressure? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">11.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What emergency valves and switches cannot be reached readily? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">12.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">When was pertinent equipment, especially process vessels, last checked for pressure rating? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">13.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What hazards are introduced by failure of agitators? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">14.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What plugging of lines can occur and what are the hazards? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">15.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What provisions are needed for complete drainage of equipment for safety in maintenance? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">16.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">How was adequacy of ventilation determined? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">17.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What provisions have been made for dissipation of static electricity to avoid sparking? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">18.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What requirements are there for concrete bulkheads or barricades to isolate highly sensitive equipment and protect adjacent areas from disruption of operations? <o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="color:#0021a5;">Piping and Valves</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Were piping systems analyzed for stresses and movement due to thermal expansion? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are piping systems adequately supported and guided? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are piping systems provided for anti-freezing protection, particularly cold water lines, instrument connections and lines in dead-end service such as piping at standby pumps? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are provisions made for flushing out all piping during start-up? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are cast iron valves avoided in strain piping? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">6.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are non-rising stem valves being avoided? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">7.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are double block and bleed valves used on emergency inter-connections where possible cross-contamination is undesirable? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">8.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are controllers and control valves readily accessible for maintenance? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">9.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are bypass valves readily reached for operation? Are they so arranged that opening of valves will not result in an unsafe condition? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">10.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are any mechanical spray steam desuperheaters used? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">11.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are all control valves reviewed for safe action in event of power or instrument air failure? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">12.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are means provided for testing and maintaining primary elements of alarm and interlock instrumentation without shutting down processes? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">13.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What provisions for draining and trapping steam piping are provided? <o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="color:#0021a5;">Pressure and Vacuum Relief</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What provisions is there for flame arresters on discharge of relief valves or rupture discs on pressurized vessels? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What provisions are there for removal, inspection, and replacement of relief valves and rupture discs, and what scheduling procedure? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What need is there for emergency relief devices: breather vents, relief valves, rupture discs, and liquid seals? What are the bases for sizing these? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Where rupture discs are used to prevent explosion damage, how are they sized relative to vessel capacity and design? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Where rupture discs have delivery lines to or from the discs, what has been done to assure adequate line size relative to desired relieving dynamics? To prevent whipping of discharge end of line? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">6.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are discharges from vents, relief valves, rupture discs, and flares located to avoid hazard to equipment and personnel? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">7.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What equipment, operating under pressure, or capable of having internal pressures developed by process malfunction, is not protected by relief devices and why not? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">8.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Is discharge piping of relief valves independently supported? Make piping as short as possible and with minimum changes in direction. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">9.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are drain connections provided in discharge piping of relief valves where condensate could collect? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">10.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are relief valves provided on discharge side of positive displacement pumps; between positive displacement compressor and block valves; between back-pressure turbine exhaust flanges and block valves? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">11.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Where rupture discs are in series with relief valves to prevent corrosion on valve or leakage of toxic material, install rupture disc next to the vessel and monitor section of pipe between disc and relief valve with pressure gauge and pressure bleed-off line. Have any rupture discs been installed on discharge side of relief valve? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">12.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What provisions for keeping piping to relief valves and vacuum breakers at proper temperature to prevent accumulation of solids from interfering with action of safety device are provided? <o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="color:#0021a5;">Machinery</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are adequate piping supports and flexibility provided to keep forces on machinery due to thermal expansion of piping within acceptable limits? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What is separation of critical and operating speeds? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are check valves adequate and fast acting to prevent reverse flow and reverse rotation of pumps, compressors and drivers? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are adequate service factors on speed changing gears in shock service provided? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are there full-flow filters in lube-oil systems serving aluminum bearings? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">6.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are there provisions for draining and trapping steam turbine inlet and exhaust lines? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">7.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are there separate visible-flow drain lines from all steam turbine drain points? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">8.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are driven machines capable of withstanding tripping speed of turbine drain points? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">9.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are non-lubricated construction or non-flammable synthetic lubricants used for air compressors with discharge pressures of greater than 75 psig to guard against explosion? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">10.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What provisions are made for emergency lubrication of critical machinery during operation and during emergency shutdowns? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">11.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are provisions made for spare machines or critical spare parts for critical machines? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">12.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are there provisions for operation or safe shutdown during power failures? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">13.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are vibration switches on alarm or on interlock for cooling tower fans provided? <o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="color:#0021a5;">Instrumentation Control</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What hazards will develop if all types of motive power used in instrumentation should fail nearly simultaneously? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">If all instruments fail simultaneously, is the collective operation still fail -safe? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What provision is made for process safety when an instrument, instrumental in process safety as well as in process control, is taken out of service for maintenance? When such an instrument goes through a dead time period for standardization or when, for some other reason, the instrument reading is not available? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What has been done to minimize response time lag in instruments directly or indirectly significant to process safety? Is every significant instrument or control device backed up by an independent instrument or control operating in an entirely different manner? In critical processes, are these first two methods of control backed up by a third ultimate safety shutdown? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Has the process safety function of instrumentation been considered integrally with the process control function throughout plant design? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">6.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What are the effects of extremes of atmospheric humidity and temperature on instrumentation? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">7.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What gauges, meters, or recorders cannot be read easily? What modifications are being made to cope with or solve this problem? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">8.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Is the system completely free of sight glasses or direct reading liquid level gauges or other devices which, if broken, could allow escape of the materials in the system? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">9.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What is being done to verify that instrument packages are properly installed? Grounded? Proper design for the environment? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">10.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What procedures have been established for testing and proving instrument functions? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">11.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What periodic testing to check performance and potential malfunction is scheduled? <o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="color:#0021a5;">Malfunctions</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What hazards are created by the loss of each feed, and by simultaneous loss of two or more feeds? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What hazards result from loss of each utility, and from simultaneous loss of two or more utilities? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What is the severest credible incident, i.e., the worst conceivable combination of reasonable malfunctions, which can occur? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What is the potential for spills and what hazards would result from them? <o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="color:#0021a5;">Location and Plot Plan</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Has equipment been adequately spaced and located to permit anticipated maintenance during operation without danger to the process? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">In the event of the foreseeable types of spills, what dangers will there be to the community? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What hazards are there from materials dumped into sewers of neighboring areas? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What public liability risks from spray, fumes, mists, noise, etc. exist, and how have they been controlled or minimized? <o:p></o:p></span></p></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-44214699548523055082007-07-04T17:32:00.003-07:002007-07-13T23:20:01.939-07:00Personnel Safety Review Checklist<h2 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#0021a5;">Project Site Location</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Any exposure to or from the neighborhood from fire, explosion, noise, air and stream pollution? <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Adequate access for emergency vehicles? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Any potential blockages of access roads by railroads, highway congestion, etc.? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Access roads well engineered to avoid sharp curves? Traffic signs provided? <o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#0021a5;">Building and Structures</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What standards are being followed in the design of stairways, platforms, ramps and fixed ladders? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are sufficient general exit and escape routes available? Alternate means of escape from roofs provided? Is protection provided to persons along the line of the escape routes? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Adequate lighting provided? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Doors and windows hung to avoid projecting into or blocking walkways and exits? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Structural steel grounded? <o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#0021a5;">Operating Areas</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are equipment, steam, water, air and electric outlets arranged to keep aisles and operating floor areas clear of hoses and cables? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Ventilation furnished for hazardous fumes, vapors, dust and excessive heat? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Temporary storage provided for raw materials at process points, and for finished products? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Where operations are potentially hazardous from the standpoints of fire and explosion, are controls housed in separate structures? If not, are control room windows kept to a minimum and glazed with laminated safety glass? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are alternate escape routes to safe locations provided? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">6.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">If needed, what type of pressure relief venting of area is furnished? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">7.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Do platforms provide safe clearance for safe maintenance of equipment? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">8.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are nozzles and manholes sized and located for safe cleanout, maintenance operations, and emergency removal of people from vessels? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">9.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What protection is provided to protect against contact with hot surfaces? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">10.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Is head clearance adequate in walkway and working areas? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">11.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Is power-driven equipment adequately guarded? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">12.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are manually operated valves, switches and other controls readily accessible to the operator from a safe location? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">13.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are vents located so that discharges, including liquids, do not endanger personnel, public or property? Are all vents above the highest liquid level possible in the system? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">14.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are free-swinging hoists avoided? Are hoists equipped with safety hooks, limit switches, if motorized? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">15.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are elevators equipped with shaftway door interlocks and car gate contacts? Are there safety astragals on bi-parting doors? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">16.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Is every effort being made to handle materials mechanically rather than manually? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">17.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are emergency showers and hose-type eye baths provided? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">18.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Has a safe storage and dispensing location for flammable liquid drums been provided? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">19.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are there at least two exits from hazardous work? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">20.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Where excessively noisy operations are concerned, what measures are contemplated to reduce the noise level to a safe range? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">21.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Is there safe exit from manufacturing offices or laboratories? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">22.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are positive electrical power disconnects being installed for purposes of lockout? <o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#0021a5;">Yard</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are roadways laid out with consideration for the safe movement of pedestrians, vehicles and emergency equipment? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are railroad car puller control stations fully protected against broken cable whiplash? How will operator be protected from being caught between cable or rope and capstan or cable drum? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are flammable liquid tank car and tank truck loading and unloading docks bonded or grounded? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are safe means provided on loading platforms for access to work areas of tank cars and trucks? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Is protection against falling furnished for employees who work on tops of railroad cars and trucks? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">6.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Is safe access provided to tops of storage tanks on which persons go for contents measurement and vent maintenance? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">7.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Is there sufficient head clearance and good visibility in walking and working areas? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">8.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Is yard lighting adequate? <o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-64407931309461256812007-07-04T17:32:00.001-07:002007-07-13T23:18:44.985-07:00Fire Protection Checklist<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-: AR-SAfont-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9;color:black;" ><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">If the building has enclosed walls and the construction or occupancy has combustibles, what kind of automatic sprinklers (wet or dry pipe systems) are provided? <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">If the building has open walls and the construction or occupancy has combustibles, how much water spray protection (HAD's or pilot head heat actuating systems) has been provided? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What existing hydrants serve the area or project? What additional ones are to be provided? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What fixed or portable monitor nozzles (on hydrants or separate) are provided for coverage of manufacturing facilities or storage facilities in open areas (not within open or closed wall buildings)? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Have the underground fire mains been extended or looped to supply additional sprinkler systems, hydrants and monitor nozzles? Dead ends should be avoided. What sectional control valves have been provided? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">6.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are small hose standpipes provided inside of buildings? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">7.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What type, size, location and number of fire extinguishers are needed? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">8.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What flammable liquid storage tank protection has been provided? Foam? Dikes with drain valves outside the dike? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">9.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Where have total flooding or local-application carbon dioxide systems been provided? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">10.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Is load-bearing structural steel which is exposed to potential flammable liquid or gas fires fireproofed to a sufficient height above ground level to protect the steel? (This height varies from 30' to 35', depending on additional fire protection features.) <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">11.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">How has adequate drainage been provided to carry spilled flammable liquids and water used for fire-fighting away from buildings, storage tanks, and process equipment? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">12.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What protection has been provided for dust hazards? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">13.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What is the capacity of fire water supplies? What is the maximum fire water demand? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">14.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">How long will supplies meet this maximum demand? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">15.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What is the spacing of flammable liquid storage tanks? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">16.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What is the estimated probable maximum loss (PML)? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">17.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What is the approximate hold-up of flammable liquids in the manufacturing equipment broken down by flash points? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">18.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">What attention has been given to protection of process equipment from external fire? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">19.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Are liquid inventory tanks near or under the ground instead of elevated? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">20.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Is the area pad or flooring designed to conduct spill liquid away from process equipment? What facilities are provided for drainage? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">21.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">How have major storage tanks or vessels been located to minimize hazard to process equipment in the event of rupture or burning? <o:p></o:p></span></p><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-: AR-SAfont-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9;color:black;" >Are all structures constructed of non-combustible materials and fire walls, partitions or barricades provided to separate important property damage values, high hazard operations and units important to continuity of production? </span></span></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-68228251201272391682007-07-04T17:10:00.001-07:002007-07-17T15:48:34.169-07:00Hazard and Operability (HazOp) Studies<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><h2 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="color:#0021a5;">General Description</span></h2><h3 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-size:100%;color:#666666;">Background.</span></h3><p><span style="color:black;">A HazOp study identifies hazards and operability problems. The concept involves investigating how the plant might deviate from the design intent. If, in the process of identifying problems during a HazOp study, a solution becomes apparent, it is recorded as part of the HazOp result; however, care must be taken to avoid trying to find solutions which are not so apparent, because the prime objective for the HazOp is problem identification. Although the HazOp study was developed to supplement experience-based practices when a new design or technology is involved, its use has expanded to almost all phases of a plant's life. HazOp is based on the principle that several experts with different backgrounds can interact and identify more problems when working together than when working separately and combining their results. <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">The "Guide-Word" HazOp Is the most well known of the HazOps; however, several specializations of this basic method have been developed. These specializations will be discussed as modifications of the Guide-Word approach, but they are not to be regarded as less useful than the Guide-Word approach. Indeed, In many situations these variations may be more effective than the Guide-Word approach. <o:p></o:p></span></p><h3 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-size:100%;color:#666666;">Concept.</span></h3><p><span style="color:black;">The HazOp concept is to review the plant in a series of meetings, during which a multidisciplinary team methodically "brainstorms" the plant design, following the structure provided by the guide words and the team leader's experience.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">The primary advantage of this brainstorming is that it stimulates creativity and generates ideas. This creativity results from the interaction of the team and their diverse backgrounds. Consequently the process requires that all team members participate (quantity breeds quality in this case), and team members must refrain from criticizing each other to the point that members hesitate to suggest Ideas. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">The team focuses on specific points of the design (called "study nodes"), one at a time. At each of these study nodes, deviations In the process parameters are examined using the guide words. The guide words are used to ensure that the design is explored In every conceivable way. Thus the team must identify a fairly large number of deviations, each of which must then be considered so that their potential causes and consequences can be identified. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">The best time to conduct a HazOp is when the design is fairly firm. At this point, the design is well enough defined to allow meaningful answers to the questions raised in the HazOp process. Also, at this point it is still possible to change the design without a major cost. However, HazOps can be done at any stage after the design is nearly firm. For example, many older plants are upgrading their control and Instrumentation systems. There is a natural relationship between the HazOp deviation approach and the usual control system design philosophy of driving deviations to zero; thus It Is very effective to examine a plant as soon as the control system redesign is firm. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">The success or failure of the HazOp depends on several factors: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">The completeness and accuracy of drawings and other data used as a basis for the study <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">The technical skills and insights of the team <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">The ability of the team to use the approach as an aid to their Imagination in visualizing deviations, causes, and consequences <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">The ability of the team to concentrate on the more serious hazards which are identified. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">The process is systematic and It Is helpful to define the terms that are used:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">a. STUDY NODES - The locations (on piping and Instrumentation drawings and procedures) at which the process parameters are Investigated for deviations. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">b. INTENTION - The intention defines how the plant is expected to operate in the absence of deviations at the study nodes. This can take a number of forms and can either be descriptive or diagrammatic; e.g., flowsheets, line diagrams, P&IDs. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">c. DEVIATIONS - These are departures from the intention which are discovered by systematically applying the guide words (e.g., "more pressure"). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">d. CAUSES - These are the reasons why deviations might occur. Once a deviation has been shown to have a credible cause, it can be treated as a meaningful deviation. These causes can be hardware failures, human errors, an unanticipated process state (e.g., change of composition), external disruptions (e.g., loss of power), etc. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">e. CONSEQUENCES - These are the results of the deviations should they occur (e.g., release of toxic materials). Trivial consequences, relative to the study objective, are dropped. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">f. GUIDE WORDS - These are simple words which are used to qualify or quantify the intention in order to guide and stimulate the brainstorming process and so discover deviations. The guide words shown in Table 4-3 are the ones most often used in a HazOp; some organizations have made this list specific to their operations, to guide the team more quickly to the areas where they have previously found problems. Each guide word is applied to the process variables at the point in the plant (study node) which is being examined. For example: <o:p></o:p></span></p><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="WIDTH: 100%; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt" cellpadding="0" width="100%" border="1"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="33%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Guide Words</span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="33%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Parameter</span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 34%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="34%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Deviation</span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="33%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">NO <o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="33%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">FLOW<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 34%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="34%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">NO FLOW<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="33%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">MORE<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="33%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">PRESSURE<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 34%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="34%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">HIGH PRESSURE<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="33%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">AS WELL AS<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="33%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">ONE PHASE<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 34%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="34%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">TWO PHASE<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="33%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">OTHER THAN<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 33%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="33%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">OPERATION<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 34%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="34%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">MAINTENANCE<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="color:black;">These guide words are applicable to both the more general parameters (e.g., react, transfer) and the more specific parameters (e.g., pressure, temperature). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">TABLE 4-3 HAZOP GUIDE WORDS AND MEANINGS<o:p></o:p></span></p><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="WIDTH: 100%; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt" cellpadding="0" width="100%" border="1"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 50%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="50%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Guide Words</span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 50%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="50%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Meaning</span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 50%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="50%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">No<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 50%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="50%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Negation of the Design Intent<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 50%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="50%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Less<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 50%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="50%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Quantitative Decrease<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 50%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="50%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">More<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 50%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="50%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Quantitative Increase<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 50%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="50%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Part Of<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 50%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="50%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Qualitative Decrease<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 50%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="50%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">As Well As<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 50%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="50%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Qualitative Increase<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 50%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="50%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Reverse<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 50%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="50%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Logical Opposite of the Intent<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 50%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="50%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Other Than<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 50%; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" width="50%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Complete Substitution<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="color:black;">With the general parameters, meaningful deviations are usually generated for each guide word. Moreover, it is not unusual to have more than one deviation from the application of one guide word. For example, "more reaction" could mean either than a reaction takes place at a faster rate, or that a greater quantity of product results. With the specific parameters, some modification of the guide words may be necessary. In addition, it is not unusual to find that some potential deviations are eliminated by physical limitation. For example, if the design intention of a pressure or temperature is being considered, the guide words "more" or "less" may be the only possibilities. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">There are other useful modifications to guide words such as: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">SOONER or LATER for OTHER THAN when considering time <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">WHERE ELSE for OTHER THAN when considering position, sources, or destination <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">HIGHER and LOWER for MORE and LESS when considering elevations, temperatures, or pressures. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">Finally, when dealing with a design Intention involving a complex set of interrelated plant parameters (e.g., temperatures, reaction rates, composition, or pressure), it may be better to apply the whole sequence of guide words to each parameter individually than to apply each guide word across all of the parameters as a group. Also, when applying the guide words to a sentence it may be more useful to apply the sequence of guide words to each word or phrase separately, starting with the key part which describes the activity (usually the verbs or adverbs). These parts of the sentence usually are related to some impact on the process parameters. For example, in the sentence "The operator starts flow A when pressure B is reached", the guide words would be applied to: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">flow A (no, more, less, etc.) <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">when pressure B is reached (sooner, later, etc.) <o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="color:#0021a5;">Guidelines for Using Procedure</span></h2><p><span style="color:black;">The concepts presented above are put into practice in the following steps: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Define the purpose, objectives, and scope of the study <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Select the team <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Prepare for the study <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Carry out the team review <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Record the results. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">It is important to recognize that some of these steps can take place at the same time. For example, the team reviews the design, records the findings, and follows up on the findings continuously. Nonetheless, each step will be discussed below as separate items. <o:p></o:p></span></p><h3 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-size:100%;color:#666666;">1. Define the Purpose, Objectives, and Scope of the Study.</span></h3><p><span style="color:black;">The purpose, objectives, and scope of the study should be made as explicit as possible. These objectives are normally set by the person responsible for the plant or project, assisted by the HazOp study leader (perhaps the plant or corporate safety officer). It is important that this interaction take place to provide the proper authority to the study and to ensure that the study is focused. Also, even though the general objective is to identify hazards and operability problems, the team should focus on the underlying purpose or reason for the study. Examples of reasons for a study might be to:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Check the safety of a design <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Decide whether and where to build <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Develop a list of questions to ask a supplier <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Check operating/safety procedures <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Improve the safety of an existing facility <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Verify that safety instrumentation is reacting to best parameters. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">It is also important to define what specific consequences are to be considered: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Employee safety (in plant or neighboring research center) <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Loss of plant or equipment <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Loss of production (lose competitive edge in market) <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Liability <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Insurability <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Public safety <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Environmental impacts. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">For example, a HazOp might be conducted to determine where to build a plant to have the minimal impact on public safety. In this case, the HazOp should focus on deviations which result in off-site hazards. <o:p></o:p></span></p><h3 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-size:100%;color:#666666;">2. Select the Team.</span></h3><p><span style="color:black;">Ideally, the team consists of five to seven members, although a smaller team could be sufficient for a smaller plant. If the team is too large, the group approach fails. On the other hand, if the group is too small, it may lack the breadth of knowledge needed to assure completeness. The team leader should have experience in leading a HazOp. The rest of the team should be experts in areas relevant to the plant operation. For example, a team might include:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Design engineer <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Process engineer <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Operations supervisor <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Instrument design engineer <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Chemist <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Maintenance supervisor <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Safety engineer (if not HazOp leader). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">The team leaders most important job is to keep the team focused on the key task: to identify problems, not necessarily to solve them. There is a strong tendency for engineers to launch into a design or problem-solving mode as soon as a new problem comes to light. Unless obvious solutions are apparent, this mode should be avoided or it will detract from the primary purpose of HazOp, which is hazard identification. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">In addition, the team leader must keep several factors in mind to assure successful meetings: (1) do not compete with the members; (2) take care to listen to all of the members; (3) during meetings, do not permit anyone to be put on the defensive; (4) to keep the energy level high, take breaks as needed. <o:p></o:p></span></p><h3 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-size:100%;color:#666666;">3. Prepare for the Study.</span></h3><p><span style="color:black;">The amount of preparation depends upon the size and complexity of the plant. The preparative work consists of three stages: obtaining the necessary data; converting the data to a suitable form and planning the study sequence; and arranging the meetings.<o:p></o:p></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-size:85%;color:#ff4a00;">a. Obtain the necessary data.</span></h4><p><span style="color:black;">Typically, the data consist of various drawings in the form of line diagrams, flowsheets, plant layouts, isometrics, and fabrication drawings. Additionally, there can be operating instructions, instrument sequence control charts, logic diagrams, and computer programs. Occasionally, there are plant manuals and equipment manufacturers manuals. The data must be inspected to make sure they pertain to the defined area of study and contain no discrepancies or ambiguities.<o:p></o:p></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-size:85%;color:#ff4a00;">b. Convert the data into a suitable form and plan the study sequence.</span></h4><p><span style="color:black;">The amount of work required in this stage depends on the type of plant. With continuous plants, the preparative work is minimal. The existing, up-to-date flowsheets or pipe and instrument drawings usually contain enough information for the study, and the only preparation necessary is to make sure that enough copies of each drawing are available. Likewise, the sequence for the study is straightforward. The study team starts at the beginning of the process and progressively works downstream, applying the guide words at specific study nodes. These nodes are established by the team leader prior to any meetings. The team leader will generally define the study nodes in pipe sections. These nodes are points where the process parameters (pressure, temperature, flow, etc.) have an identified design intent. Between these nodes are found the plant components (pumps, vessels, heat exchangers, etc.) that cause changes in the parameters between nodes. While the study nodes should be identified before the meetings, it is to be expected that some changes will be made as the study progresses due to the learning process that accompanies the study.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">With batch plants, the preparative work is usually more extensive, primarily because of the more extensive need for manual operations; thus, operation sequences are a larger part of the HazOp. This operations information can be obtained from operating instructions, logic diagrams, or instrument sequence diagrams. In some circumstances (e.g., when two or more batches of material are being processed at the same time), it may be necessary to prepare a display indicating the status of each vessel on a time basis. If operators are physically involved in the process (e.g., in charging vessels) rather than simply controlling the process, their activities should be represented by means of process flow charts. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">The team leader will usually prepare a plan for the sequence of study before the study starts to make sure that the study team approaches the plant and its operation methodically. This means the team leader must spend some time before the meetings to determine the 93best94 study sequence, based on how the specific plant is operated. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">The team leader will often have to prepare a representation of the equipment (logic diagram, flow chart, etc.) tailored to suit the application of the HazOp technique to the equipment. This may include a display of the relationship of the equipment with operators and with other plant equipment. The preparative work will often involve a lengthy dialogue between the project engineer and the team leader and sometimes involves the component manufacturers as well. The team leader will prepare a plan for the study and discuss the equipment representations and the plan with the team before starting the study. <o:p></o:p></span></p><h4 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-size:85%;color:#ff4a00;">c. Arrange the necessary meetings.</span></h4><p><span style="color:black;">Once the data have been assembled and the equipment representations made (if necessary), the team leader is in a position to plan meetings. The first requirement is to estimate the team-hours needed for the study. As a general rule, each individual part to be studied, e.g., each main pipeline into a vessel, will take an average of fifteen minutes of team time. For example, a vessel with two inlets, two exits, and a vent should take one and a half hours for those elements and the vessel itself. Thus, an estimate can be made by considering the number of pipelines and vessels. Another way to make a rough estimate is to allow about three hours for each major piece of equipment. Fifteen minutes should also be allowed for each simple verbal statement such as "switch on pump", "motor starts", or "pump starts".<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">After estimating the team-hours required, the team leader can arrange meetings. Ideally, each session should last no more than three hours (preferably in the morning). Longer sessions are undesirable because their effectiveness usually begins to fall off. Under extreme time-pressures, sessions have been held for two consecutive days; but such a program should be attempted only in very exceptional circumstances, (for example, when the team is from out of town and travel every day is not acceptable.) <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">With large projects, it has been found that often one team cannot carry out all the studies within the allotted time. It may therefore be necessary to use several teams and team leaders. One of the team leaders should act as a coordinator to allocate sections of the design to different teams and to prepare time schedules for the study as a whole. <o:p></o:p></span></p><h3 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-size:100%;color:#666666;">4. Carry Out the Team Review.</span></h3><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><span style="color:black;">The HazOp study requires that the plant schematic be divided into study nodes and that the process at these points be addressed with the guide words. As shown in Figure 4-4, the method applies all of the guide words in turn and either of two outcomes is recorded: (1) more information is needed, or (2) the deviation with Its causes and consequences. If there are obvious remedies, these too are recorded. <img height="380" src="cid:866340800@05072007-2C9D" width="596" shapes="_x0000_i1026" /><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">FIGURE 4-4 HAZOP METHOD FLOW DIAGRAM<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">As hazards are detected, the team leader should make sure that everyone understands them. As mentioned earlier, the degree of problem-solving during the examination sessions can vary. There are two extreme positions:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">A suggested action is found for each hazard as it is detected before looking for the next hazard <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">No search for suggested actions is started until all hazards have been detected. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">In practice, there is a compromise. It may not be appropriate or even possible for a team to find a solution during a meeting. On the other hand, if the solution is straightforward, a decision can be made and the design and operating instructions modified immediately. To some extent, the ability to make immediate decisions depends upon the type of plant being studied. With a continuous plant, a decision made at one point in a design may not invalidate previous decisions concerning upstream parts of the plant which have already been studied--but this possibility always has to be considered. For batch plants with sequence control, any alteration in the design or mode of operation could have extensive implications. If a question is noted for future evaluation, a note is also made of the person responsible for follow-up. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">Although the team leader will have prepared for the study, the HazOp technique may expose gaps in the available plant operating information or in the knowledge of the team members. Thus it may sometimes be necessary to call in a specialist on some aspects of how the plant is intended to operate or even to postpone certain parts of the study in order to obtain more information. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">Once a section of pipeline or a vessel or an operating instruction has been fully examined, the team leader should mark (e.g., "yellow out") his or her copy to that effect. This action ensures comprehensive coverage. Another way of doing this Is that once every part of a drawing has been examined, the study leader certifies that the examination has been completed in an appropriate box on the flowsheet. <o:p></o:p></span></p><h3 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-size:100%;color:#666666;">5. Record the Results.</span></h3><p><span style="color:black;">The recording process Is an important part of the HazOp. It is impossible to record manually all that is said, yet it is very important that all ideas are kept. It is very useful to have the team members review the final report and then come together for a report review meeting. The process of reviewing key findings will often fine-tune these findings and uncover others. The success of this process demands a good recording scheme. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">First, a HazOp form should be filled out during the meeting (a sample is given in Figure 4-5). This form is best filled out by an engineer who can be less senior than the team members. This recorder is not necessarily part of the team but, as an engineer, can understand the discussions and record the findings accurately. Other means of recording can be developed as best suits the organization. Some have found that when insufficient information is available to make a decision, cards are filled out so that the responsible individual is reminded of the action item. It has also been found useful to tape-record the sessions and have them transcribed. This saves the only complete record of the discussions and the reasoning behind the recorded findings, and it can be invaluable later in the plant life when the plant is modified, or if an event occurs which Is the result of a deviation. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;"><img height="458" src="cid:866340800@05072007-2CA4" width="604" shapes="_x0000_i1027" /><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">FIGURE 4-5 SAMPLE OF HAZOP WORKSHEET<o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="color:#0021a5;">Example</span></h2><p><span style="color:black;">Consider, as a simple example, the continuous process shown in Figure 4-6. In this process, the phosphoric acid and ammonia are mixed, and a non-hazardous product, diammonium phosphate (DAP), results if the reaction of ammonia is complete. If too little phosphoric acid is added, the reaction is incomplete, and ammonia is produced. Too little ammonia available to the reactor results in a safe but undesirable product. The HazOp team is assigned to investigate "Personnel Hazards from the Reaction". <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;"><img height="362" src="cid:866340800@05072007-2CAB" width="658" shapes="_x0000_i1028" /><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">FIGURE 4-6. CONTINUOUS PROCESS EXAMPLE FOR HAZOP TECHNIQUE <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">The team leader starts with a study node and applies the guide words to the process parameters. Thus, for study node 1: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">I. NO <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">a. NO & FLOW --- no flow at study node 1 <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">b. Consequences: excess ammonia In reactor and release to work area <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">c. Causes <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">-- valve A falls closed <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">-- phosphoric acid supply exhausted<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">-- plug in pipe, pipe ruptures<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">d. Suggested action: automatic closure of valve B on loss of flow from phosphoric acid supply.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">II. LESS<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">a. LESS & FLOW --- reduced flow at study node 1 <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">b. Consequences: excess ammonia in reactor and release to work area. Amount released is related to quantitative reduction in supply. Team member assigned to calculate toxicity level versus flow reduction.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">c. Causes: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">-- valve A partially closed <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">-- partial plug or leak in pipe <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">d. Suggested action: automatic closure of valve B based on reduced flow in pipe from phosphoric acid supply. Set point dependent on toxicity versus reduced flow calculations. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">III. MORE <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">a. MORE & FLOW --- increased flow at study node 1 <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">b. Consequences: excess phosphoric acid degrades product but presents no hazard to workplace.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">IV. PART OF<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">a. PART OF & FLOW --- decreased concentration of phosphoric acid at study node 1 <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">b. Consequences: see II.b (low flow consequences) <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">c. Causes<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">-- vendor delivers wrong material or concentration <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">-- error in charging phosphoric acid supply tank <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">d. Suggested Action: Add check of phosphoric acid supply tank concentration after charging procedures.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">V. AS WELL AS<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">a. AS WELL AS & FLOW Increase concentration of phosphoric acid<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">(not a realistic consideration since highest available concentration used to charge supply).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">VI. REVERSE<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">a. REVERSE & FLOW --- reverse flow at study node 1<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">b. Consequences:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">c. Causes: no reasonable mechanism for reverse flow.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">VII. OTHER THAN<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">a. OTHER THAN & FLOW material other than phosphoric acid in line A<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">b. Consequences: Depends on substitution; team member assigned to test potential substitutions based on availability of other materials at site and similarity in appearance<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">c. Causes:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">-- wrong delivery from vendor<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">-- wrong material chosen from plant warehouse<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">d. Recommended Action: Plant procedures to provide check on material chosen before charging phosphoric acid supply tank.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">This process then continues by choosing other process parameters and combining them with the guide words.<o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="color:#0021a5;">HazOp Variations</span></h2><h3 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-size:100%;color:#666666;">1. Knowledge-Based HazOp</span></h3><p><span style="color:black;">The knowledge-based HazOp is a specialization of the Guide-Word HazOp in which the guide words are replaced by the team's and leader's knowledge and specific checklists. This knowledge base is used to compare the design to established basic design practices which have been developed and documented from previous plant experience. The implicit premise of this version of the HazOp is that the organization has extensive design standards and the team members are familiar with them. An important advantage of this method is that the lessons learned over many years of experience are incorporated into the Company's practices and are thus available for use at all stages in the design and construction of the plant. Thus, the Knowledge-Based HazOp study can help ensure that the company's practices, and therefore its past experience, have indeed been incorporated in the design.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">Comparison of a design in the Knowledge-Based HazOp with codes and practices will generate a set of questions which are different from the Guide-Word HazOp. For example, questions might be:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">"Shouldn't the design be like ..." <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">"Will this change cover the hazard at the same risk level?" <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">As a more specific example, consider the discharge from a centrifugal pump. The Guide Word HazOp would apply the guide word REVERSE to identify the need for a check valve. The Knowledge-Based HazOp would identify the need for a check valve because an actual problem was experienced with reverse flow and the use of check valves on a centrifugal pump discharge has been adopted as a standard practice. Figure 4-7 shows an expanded checklist for centrifugal pumps from one company's Knowledge-Based HazOp checklist. The complete checklist can be found in <a href="http://pie.che.ufl.edu/guides/hazop/process_checklist.html"><span style="color:#000099;">Process Checklist</span></a>, <a href="http://pie.che.ufl.edu/guides/hazop/personnel_checklist.html"><span style="color:#000099;">Personnel Checklist</span></a>, <a href="http://pie.che.ufl.edu/guides/hazop/fire_checklist.html"><span style="color:#000099;">Fire Checklist</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="WIDTH: 100%; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt" cellpadding="0" width="100%" border="1"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #e0dfe3; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #e0dfe3; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #e0dfe3; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" width="100%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">1. Can Casing Design Pressure be Exceeded? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Maximum suction pressure + shutoff delta P <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">- Note: If pump curve not available, shutoff delta P (motor drive) may be estimated as 120 percent of operating delta P and shutoff delta P (turbine-drive) may be estimated as 132 percent of operating delta P.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Higher than design specific gravity of pumped fluid<br />- During startup<br />- During upsets <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2. Is Downstream Piping/Equipment Adequately Rated?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">If downstream blockage raises suction pressure:<br />DP = maximum Suction P + shutoff delta P <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">If downstream blockage does not raise suction pressure,<br />DP = the greater of:<br />normal suction plus shutoff delta P or<br />maximum suction plus normal delta P <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">3. Is Backflow Prevented?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Check valve in discharge <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Double check valve for delta P >1,000 psi <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">4. Suction Piping Overpressure (single pumps)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Suction valve, flange, and connecting piping same as suction line DP <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">5. Suction Piping Overpressure (parallel pumps)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Suction valve and intervening component DP>3/4 pump discharge DP <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">6. Is Damage from Low Flow Prevented?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Recycle system to ensure 20 percent best-efficiency-point flow <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">7. Can Fire Be Limited?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Provide isolation valve(s) if suction vessel(s) inventory is:<br />- light ends > 2,000 gallons, or<br />- HC liquid above 6000F > 2,000 gallons, or<br />- HC liquid >4,000 gallons <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">Remote actuated if:<br />- 10" or larger line size, or<br />- located in fire risk area (<25 ft. horizontal)<br />Note: Valve activator and exposed cable fireproofed <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="color:black;">FIGURE 4-7. SAMPLE WORKSHEET FOR KNOWLEDGE-BASED HAZOP: CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">It is also important to note that the Guide-Word HazOp approach can be used to supplement this approach to ensure that new problems are not overlooked when portions of the process involve major changes in equipment technology or novel chemistry. (See C. H. Solomon for more details.)<o:p></o:p></span></p><h3 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-size:100%;color:#666666;">2. Creative Checklist HazOp</span></h3><p><span style="color:black;">The Creative Checklist HazOp study was developed to address two needs:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">The need for a study that can be carried out earlier in the design, based only on the materials to be used <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;font-size:9;color:black;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><img height="9" alt="*" src="outbind://13/PicExportError" width="9" /><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;">The need for a study that can examine adverse interactions resulting from the proximity of the units of the plant, or interaction of the units and the environment. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">This form of HazOp utilizes the same basic form as the Guide Word HazOp listed above. At an early stage in a project, the only data available could be a list of all material likely to be used, together with a site plan and a block layout of the site.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">First, the materials are compared to a hazards checklist (fire, toxicity, reactivity) and the team determines which hazards could really exist. The hazardous materials are inventoried, and such information as the likely volume of each material is listed.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">The second part of this study is to associate each unit of the site plan with the hazards list created in the first part. This results in a series of hypothetical "unit hazards". If the team feels that a given unit hazard is real, they identify potential actions and/or guidelines which should be followed in the subsequent design phase to minimize the risks. Because the study takes place before the site has been finalized, a decision to abandon a site, if necessary, could be made during this study.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">This HazOp is very similar to the Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) described in this document. It does have the advantage of conducting the study of an early design by a team rather than by one or two people. Of course, it will also be more expensive because more people are involved.<o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style="MARGIN: auto 0in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="color:#0021a5;">References</span></h2><p><span style="color:black;">Solomon, C. H., "The Exxon Chemicals Method for Identifying Potential Process Hazards", I Chem E Loss Prevention Bulletin No. 52, August 1983.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;">Knowlton, E., "Creative Checklist Hazard and Operability Studies", Chemical Manufacturers Association, Process Safety Management Workshop, <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Arlington</st1:city>, <st1:state st="on">Virginia</st1:state></st1:place>, May 1985.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><hr align="center" width="100%" size="2"></span></span></div><p><span style="color:black;">Adapted from: <i>Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures</i>. </span></p></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-86052686785503288492007-07-04T17:02:00.001-07:002007-07-04T17:57:18.458-07:00Back Injury Prevention<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">What is the most likely kind of injury resulting from manual materials handling?</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;"> <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">It is probably fair to say that every worker who lifts or does other manual handling tasks is at some risk for musculoskeletal injury. Low back injury is the most likely kind of injury. The complete elimination of this risk is not realistic because MMH usually involves awkward postures and repeated forceful movements. However, people can reduce the number and the severity of manual handling-related injuries substantially by using safe work practices. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a name="_1_2"></a><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">How can we prevent back injury resulting from MMH?</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">To prevent occupational back injuries, it is essential to identify the factors of MMH that make the worker more susceptible to injury or that directly contribute to injury. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">When efforts to prevent injuries from MMH focus on only one risk factor, they do not significantly reduce the injury rate. A more successful approach such as the one offered by ergonomics combines knowledge of engineering, environment, and human capabilities and limitations. The following aspects should be considered: <o:p></o:p></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">organization of work flow <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">job design/redesign (including environment) <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">pre-placement procedures, where necessary <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">training <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a name="_1_3"></a><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">How does organization of the work flow reduce the risk for back injury due to MMH?</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">Often, poor planning of the work flow results in needless or repeated handling of the same object. When articles are temporarily stored in one place, moved to another, stored again, and moved again, a more efficient work flow can eliminate many potentially harmful MMH tasks. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a name="_1_4"></a><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">How does job design/redesign reduce the risk for back injury due to MMH?</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">The design or redesign of jobs involving MMH should be approached in the following stages: <o:p></o:p></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">eliminate heavy MMH <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">decrease MMH demands <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">reduce stressful body movements <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">pace of work and rest breaks <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">improve environmental conditions <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a name="_1_5"></a><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">How do you eliminate heavy MMH?</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">Consider using powered or mechanical handling systems if eliminating MMH tasks completely is not possible. Mechanical aids lower the risk for back injury substantially by reducing the worker's physical effort required to handle heavy objects. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">Manual handling such as lifting and carrying can be easier and safer if mechanized by using lift tables, conveyors, yokes or trucks. Gravity dumps and chutes can help in disposing of materials. Mechanical aids also reduce the need to select workers for the task, but it is essential that the worker is properly trained in the safe use of the available equipment. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a name="_1_6"></a><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">How can we decrease MMH demands?</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">Where possible, use mechanical aids. The next step is to decrease the manual material handling demands. There are several ways to achieve this: <o:p></o:p></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Decrease the weight of handled objects to acceptable limits. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Reduce the weight by assigning two people to lift the load or by splitting the load into two or more containers. Using light plastic containers also decreases the weight of the load. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Change the type of MMH movement. Lowering objects causes less strain than lifting. Pulling objects is easier than carrying. Pushing is less demanding than pulling. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Change work area layouts. Reducing the horizontal and vertical distances of lifting substantially lowers MMH demands. Reducing the travel distances for carrying, pushing or pulling also decreases work demands. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Assign more time for repetitive handling tasks. This reduces the frequency of handling and allows for more work/rest periods. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Alternate heavy tasks with lighter ones to reduce the build-up of fatigue. <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a name="_1_7"></a><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">How can we reduce stressful body movements in MMH?</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">It is important that the design of MMH allows the worker to do tasks without excessive bending and twisting. These body motions are particularly dangerous and can cause back injury even when not combined with handling loads. <o:p></o:p></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Provide all materials at a work level that is adjusted to the worker's body size. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Eliminate deep shelves to avoid bending. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Ensure sufficient space for the entire body to turn. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Locate objects within easy reach. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Ensure that there is a clear and easy access to the load. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Use slings and hooks to move loads without handles. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Balance contents of containers. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Use rigid containers. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Change the shape of the load so the load can be handled close to the body. <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a name="_1_8"></a><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">How do we set up a proper work pace, and a beneficial ratio of work to rest breaks, to reduce the risk for back pain due to MMH?</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">Pace of work, particularly when externally imposed, may significantly contribute to the worker discomfort, and consequently to the onset of musculoskeletal injuries, including low back injuries. As a rule, pressure to work at a certain pace coming from management creates the mental need to work in a hurry. This in turn creates tension not only in the mind but also in the body. Tensed muscles are much more prone to injury, leading to WMSD.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">Very recent research on the causes of back injury shows that workers at high risk for back pain (for example, those who lift for a living or where lifting is significant part of their job) need more frequent and longer breaks. Even a moderate pace of lifting (not necessarily at the maximum lifting limit) if maintained for a prolonged time without breaks, rapidly decreases workers' lifting ability by speeding up their fatigue. It also means that in the second half of the working day, the risk for contracting low back injury (and, for that matter, any other musculoskeletal injury) is higher. And because of this it would be wise to assign heavier tasks at the beginning of the working day rather than at the end (but after the worker is "warmed up").<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">It would be ideal if workers could work at their own pace and have some freedom to take a rest break when they start feeling the effects of fatigue. However, this might be impractical. It seems reasonable to incorporate two additional 15-minute breaks, mid-morning and mid-afternoon, in addition to the 30-minute lunch break, If that schedule is still not feasible, shorter but more frequent breaks can do as well.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">It is also important that novices whose jobs involve lifting and MMH be given time to adjust by allowing them more breaks.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a name="_1_9"></a><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">How can we improve the environment to reduce the risk for injury due to MMH?</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">The design of the work environment is an important element of back injuries prevention. <o:p></o:p></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Keep the temperature of the working area between 18°C and 21°C when practical. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">In extreme cases that require heavy MMH in temperatures above 30°C, rest periods or light work load tasks may account for 75 percent of the work time. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Wear properly designed clothing to decrease the heat absorption by the body and to increase evaporation. This is particularly important for people required to work in high temperature environment. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Encourage using proper protective clothing for people working in a cold environment. This is essential to protect the worker from hypothermia and to preserve dexterity needed for safe work. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Illuminate the work area for MMH tasks at the level of 200 lux. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Use task lights or other additional light sources to improve the ability to see clearly where MMH requires fine visual discrimination. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Use angular lighting and colour contrast to improve depth perception. This helps the worker where MMH involves climbing stairs or moving in passageways. <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">When the MMH tasks are done outdoors, the temperature conditions including the humidex (in hot weather) or wind-chill factor (in cold weather) have to be monitored very closely. <o:p></o:p></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Reduce MMH tasks by half when the temperature exceeds 28°C. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Stop MMH when the temperature exceeds 40°C. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Restrict MMH to the minimum possible when wind-chill drops below -25°C. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Stop MMH when wind-chill drops to -35°C. <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a name="_1_10"></a><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">How effective is pre-placement screening in back injury prevention?</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">The objective of pre-placement screening is to select individuals less likely to be injured in work involving MMH. X-rays, medical examination, physiological testing may be hazardous under certain circumstances or may not be specific enough to achieve the intended objective. They do not reduce the occurrence of occupational back injury among selected individuals. Worse, the selection procedures can be abused when applied as a substitute for work design. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">The only situation where pre-placement screening may be justified as a preventive measure is where a job involves heavy MMH in an unpredictable and uncontrollable environment. Examples of these are firefighting, mine and water rescue, and police work. Even here, the selected tests should closely reflect with the anticipated requirements of the job. By far the best pre-selection method, if one must be used, is performance of the actual task. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a name="_1_11"></a><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">Does training reduce back injuries?</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">There is little evidence to indicate that training alone reduces the number of MMH injuries. When combined with work design, training is an important element in the prevention of injuries. Proper training also shows the worker how to actively contribute to the prevention of injuries. A good training program should: <o:p></o:p></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">make the worker aware of the hazards of MMH <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">demonstrate ways of avoiding unnecessary stress <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">teach the worker to handle materials safely <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">Instruction on how to lift "properly" is the most controversial issue concerning training in MMH. There is no single correct way to lift because lifting can always be done in several ways. Because of this, on-site, task specific training is essential. In fact, it is sometimes safer to allow the worker to use common sense acquired by experience rather than to force new biomechanically correct procedures. But there are some general lifting rules. <o:p></o:p></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Prepare to lift by warming up the muscles. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Stand close to the load, facing the way you intend to move. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Use a wide stance to gain balance. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Ensure a good grip on the load. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Keep arms straight. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Tighten abdominal muscles. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Tuck chin into the chest. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Initiate the lift with body weight. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Lift the load close to the body. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Lift smoothly without jerking. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Avoid twisting and side bending while lifting. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">Do not lift if you are not convinced that you can handle the load safely. <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">It is also important that workers: <o:p></o:p></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">take advantage of rest periods to relax tired muscles; this prevents fatigue from building up <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: autocolor:#000099;" ><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">report discomforts experienced during work; this may help to identify hazards and correct working conditions. <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">Finally, there is an aspect of training that cannot be overlooked if training is to be part of an effective prevention program. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">Workers should be educated that muscles, tendons and ligaments are not prepared to meet the physical stress of handling tasks when they are not "warmed up." They are more likely to pull, tear or cramp when stretched or contracted suddenly under such conditions. This, painful enough by itself, can lead to more serious and permanent injury if physically stressful work is continued. Warming up and mental readiness for physically demanding tasks are important for any kind of MMH, but particularly for occasional tasks where the worker is not accustomed to handling loads. Workers are more likely to have "ready-to-go" attitude for the task ahead when they understand that other preventive measures are also tried<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;color:#000099;">Source: CCOHS</span><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-42426352782704613962007-07-04T16:10:00.001-07:002007-07-04T17:57:53.811-07:00Proving the cost benefits of ergonomics interventions<div class="Section1"><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="content1"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:'Trebuchet MS';font-size:10;">Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are costly to businesses - they affect around 1 million people a year and are the most common occupational illness in the <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 /><st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">UK</st1:country-region></st1:place> (HSE figures). However, what is less certain is how to tackle them. </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:'Trebuchet MS';font-size:10;"><br /><br /><span class="content1">Ergonomics uses scientific and evidence-based knowledge about people - their physical and psychological capabilities and limitations - to design workplaces and work activities so that individuals work better, are less likely to injure themselves or make errors. </span><br /><br /><span class="content1">Ideally, ergonomics principles need to be included in the design of a new workplace or a production process. But the likelihood is that companies seek the services of an ergonomist/human factors specialist after problems are experienced by the workforce. Even when a proposed ergonomics intervention to solve the problem makes sense, managers often have limited financial resources. They need to be able to persuade their financial controllers that investment in ergonomics interventions will be good for the company’s profitability. </span><br /><br /><span class="content1">However, a Health & Safety Executive Report published last autumn, Cost Benefit Studies that support tackling Musculoskeletal Disorders gives details of 21 case studies that quantify the costs of ergonomics interventions and the benefits gained through savings or increased productivity and quality of output. </span><br /><br /><span class="content1">The research was carried out on behalf of the HSE by ergonomics consultancy Hu-Tech Ergonomics. One of the report’s authors Hu-Tech director Andy Nicholson emphasized that the organisations who opened their doors to his research team found the exercise to be very worthwhile. </span><br /><br /><span class="content1">The case studies varied in complexity and magnitude and represented a range of industries. Most of the case studies involved interventions tackling manual handling and upper limb disorder issues but there were some dealing with lower limb disorders in the medical equipment manufacture and agricultural/horticulture sectors. </span><br /><br /><span class="content1">Many of the design or organisational solutions could be transferred to other industries and situations e.g. the ergonomics principles that led to changes to a packing line at a food processing factory could apply to a manual assembly line for other goods. Interventions took a variety of forms, from addressing the design of the task, the equipment, workstation and environment, to the organisational context in which the work was done. </span><br /><br /><span class="content1">Benefits were established by calculating the investment required to bring the intervention about and comparing that cost with the quantifiable benefits of the improved work system. Therefore, it was important to be able to compare the difference in conditions before the intervention and afterwards. </span><br /><br /><span class="content1">The research team considered changes to sickness absence levels attributed to MSDs, productivity rates, staff turnover and other variables which might apply such as reduced waste of materials and higher quality output. </span><br /><br /><span class="content1">Where necessary, assumptions were made about certain costs or benefits. Where estimates were made, they are identified as such in the cost benefit analysis. A Chartered Accountant supported the research team by interpreting financial data where necessary and ensuring that calculations were in accordance with good accounting practice.</span><br /><span class="content1">“To our knowledge this is the first time that the research involving a significant number of case studies has been carried out to demonstrate the quantifiable benefit to organisations when they tackle MSDs in this way,” says Andy Nicholson. </span><br /><br /><span class="content1"><b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Case studies on MSD solutions</span></b> </span><br /><br /><span class="content1">One of the case studies related to the manufacture of medical devices. Workers were attaching ultra-fine sutures, used in ophthalmic surgery, to needles and 40% of them were experiencing shoulder and neck discomfort. </span><br /><br /><span class="content1">It was identified that the high ergonomics risk could be avoided if the ultra-fine attaching job was performed for only four hours per shift but this would reduce productivity levels, with ensuing costs. Modifications were made to the workstation to improve posture and a camera and small monitor were installed to allow the operator to check the location of the needle without adopting awkward neck postures. </span><br /><br /><span class="content1">Staff who had not been experienced in the task could now perform it with less training than before. An ergonomic assessment was undertaken of the revised workstation, which showed that operators could work safety for an additional two hours a day without being at significant risk of musculoskeletal pain or injury. </span><br /><br /><span class="content1">The cost of the modification to the workstations and for purchasing the cameras was £9350, the net intervention benefit was £18,900 and the payback period was 12 months. </span><br /><br /><span class="content1">Another case study showed how providing manual handling equipment paid for itself rapidly, based on avoiding an emerging pattern of injuries. Prior to the intervention, heavy containers were lifted manually into an ‘overpack’ for transporting offshore. Within the containers was a radioactive source used to look at the density of rock formations below the sea bed. The containers weighed 75kg, 45kg and 10kg, and were lifted into the larger overpack by a single operator. Space constraints meant that posture was poor and there was only room for one person to do the job. </span><br /><br /><span class="content1">A back injury had already occurred because of this job, and this resulted in six month’s absence for the injured operator. This was the second such injury in a matter of months. The injured personnel were specialists, and were in short supply. The company lost revenue and risked losing its reputation as a good employer. </span><br /><br /><span class="content1">It was not possible to make the source containers lighter or to change the dimensions of the overpack which would have improved the postures that could be adopted. Instead, a jib crane was fitted permanently to the top of the overpack (see photo) that would take the weight of the containers. </span><br /><br /><span class="content1">Assessing the risks and fitting jib cranes to all of the containers cost £14,875. The cost of the two incidents was around £45,000 – and more incidents of that type were foreseeable. Assuming that the jib cranes would be used for five years meant that the investment costs would be recouped within just three months. </span><br /><br /><span class="content1">Calum Smith, Hu-Tech Ergonomics</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"><?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5075403629489307623.post-7131616024936919362007-06-18T22:57:00.001-07:002007-06-18T23:00:31.277-07:00Heat Stress<div class="Section1"><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:130%;color:#660000;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:12;color:#660000;" >What Is Heat Stress?</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;">Working or playing where it is hot puts stress on your body's cooling system. When heat is combined with other stresses such as hard physical work, loss of fluids, fatigue or some medical conditions, it may lead to heat-related illness, disability and even death.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;">This can happen to anybody-even the young and fit. In Ontario, heat stress is usually a concern during the summer. This is especially true early in the season, when people are not used to the heat.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;">Heat exposure may occur in many workplaces. Furnaces, bakeries, smelters, foundries and heavy equipment are significant sources of heat inside workplaces. For outdoor workers, direct sunlight is the main source of heat. In mines, geothermal gradients and equipment contribute to heat exposure. Humidity in workplaces also contributes to heat stress.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:130%;color:#660000;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:12;color:#660000;" >How We Cope With Heat</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;">Your body is always generating heat and passing it to the environment. The harder your body is working, the more heat it has to lose. When the environment is hot or humid or has a source of radiant heat (for example, a furnace or the sun), your body must work harder to get rid of its heat.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;">If the air is moving (for example, from fans) and it is cooler than your body, it is easier for your body to pass heat to the environment.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;">Workers on medications or with pre-existing medical conditions may be more susceptible to heat stress. These workers should speak to their personal physicians about work in hot environments.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:130%;color:#660000;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:12;color:#660000;" >Controlling Heat Stress</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;color:#666666;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:#666666;" >Acclimatization</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;">The longer you work hard in the heat, the better your body becomes at adjusting to the heat. If you are not used to working in the heat then you should take a week or two to get used to the heat. This is called "acclimatization". If you are ill or away from work for a week or so you can lose your acclimatization.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;">There are two ways to acclimatize:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;">1.<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;">If you are experienced on the job, limit your time in hot working conditions to 50 per cent of the shift on the first day, 60 per cent of the shift on the second day, and 80 per cent of the shift on the third day. You can work a full shift the fourth day. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;">If you are not experienced on the job (if you are, for example, a summer student), you should start off spending 20 per cent of the time in hot working conditions on the first day and increase your time by 20 per cent each subsequent day.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;">2.<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;">Instead of reducing the exposure times to the hot job, you can become acclimatized by reducing the physical demands of the job for a week or two. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;">If you have health problems or are not in good physical condition, you may need longer periods of acclimatization. Hot spells in Ontario seldom last long enough to allow acclimatization. However, exposure to workplace heat sources may permit acclimatization.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;">When it is hot, consider the following engineering and administrative controls.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:130%;color:#660000;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:12;color:#660000;" >Heat Stress Hazards</span></span></b></p><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="WIDTH: 100%" cellpadding="0" width="100%" border="1"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 10%; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt insetcolor:#eeeeee;" valign="top" width="10%" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:8;color:black;" ></span></span></b> </p></td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; WIDTH: 22%; PADDING-TOP: 1.5ptcolor:#eeeeee;" valign="top" width="22%" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:8;color:black;" >Cause</span></span></b></p></td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; WIDTH: 23%; PADDING-TOP: 1.5ptcolor:#eeeeee;" valign="top" width="23%" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:8;color:black;" >Symptoms</span></span></b></p></td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; WIDTH: 22%; PADDING-TOP: 1.5ptcolor:#eeeeee;" valign="top" width="22%" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:8;color:black;" >Treatment</span></span></b></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: 1pt inset; WIDTH: 23%; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt insetcolor:#eeeeee;" valign="top" width="23%" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:8;color:black;" >Prevention</span></span></b></p></td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt insetcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;" >Heat Rash</span></span></b></p></td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5ptcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">Hot humid environment; plugged sweat glands.</span></span></p></td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5ptcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">Red bumpy rash with severe itching.</span></span></p></td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5ptcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">Change into dry clothes and avoid hot environments. Rinse skin with cool water.</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: 1pt inset; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt insetcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">Wash regularly to keep skin clean and dry.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt insetcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;" >Sunburn</span></span></b></p></td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5ptcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">Too much exposure to the sun.</span></span></p></td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5ptcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">Red, painful, or blistering and peeling skin.</span></span></p></td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5ptcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">If the skin blisters, seek medical aid. Use skin lotions (avoid topical anaesthetics) and work in the shade.</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: 1pt inset; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt insetcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">Work in the shade; cover skin with clothing; apply skin lotions with a sun protection factor of at least 15. People with fair skin should be especially cautious.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt insetcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;" >Heat Cramps</span></span></b></p></td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5ptcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">Heavy sweating drains a person's body of salt, which cannot be replaced just by drinking water.</span></span></p></td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5ptcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">Painful cramps in arms, legs or stomach which occur suddenly at work or later at home.<br />Heat cramps are serious because they can be a warning of other more dangerous heat-induced illnesses.</span></span></p></td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5ptcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">Move to a cool area; loosen clothing and drink cool salted water (1 tsp. salt per gallon of water) or commercial fluid replacement beverage. If the cramps are severe or don't go away, seek medical aid.</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: 1pt inset; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt insetcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">Reduce activity levels and/or heat exposure. Drink fluids regularly. Workers should check on each other to help spot the symptoms that often precede heat stroke.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt insetcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;" >Fainting</span></span></b></p></td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5ptcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">Fluid loss and inadequate water intake.</span></span></p></td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5ptcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">Sudden fainting after at least two hours of work; cool moist skin; weak pulse.</span></span></p></td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5ptcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">GET MEDICAL ATTENTION. Assess need for CPR. Move to a cool area; loosen clothing; make person lie down; and if the person is conscious, offer sips of cool water. Fainting may also be due to other illnesses.</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: 1pt inset; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt insetcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">Reduce activity levels and/or heat exposure. Drink fluids regularly. Workers should check on each other to help spot the symptoms that often precede heat stroke.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt insetcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;" >Heat Exhaustion</span></span></b></p></td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5ptcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">Fluid loss and inadequate salt and water intake causes a person's body's cooling system to start to break down.</span></span></p></td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5ptcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">Heavy sweating; cool moist skin; body temperature over 38°C; weak pulse; normal or low blood pressure; person is tired and weak, and has nausea and vomiting; is very thirsty; or is panting or breathing rapidly; vision may be blurred.</span></span></p></td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5ptcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">GET MEDICAL AID. This condition can lead to heat stroke, which can kill. Move the person to a cool shaded area; loosen or remove excess clothing; provide cool water to drink; fan and spray with cool water.</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: 1pt inset; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt insetcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">Reduce activity levels and/or heat exposure. Drink fluids regularly. Workers should check on each other to help spot the symptoms that often precede heat stroke.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: 1pt inset; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt insetcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;" >Heat Stroke</span></span></b></p></td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5ptcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">If a person's body has used up all its water and salt reserves, it will stop sweating. This can cause body temperature to rise. Heat stroke may develop suddenly or may follow from heat exhaustion.</span></span></p></td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5ptcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">High body temperature (over 41°C) and any one of the following: the person is weak, confused, upset or acting strangely; has hot, dry, red skin; a fast pulse; headache or dizziness. In later stages, a person may pass out and have convulsions.</span></span></p></td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5ptcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">CALL AMBULANCE. This condition can kill a person quickly. Remove excess clothing; fan and spray the person with cool water; offer sips of cool water if the person is conscious. </span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: 1pt inset; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: 1pt inset; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt insetcolor:white;" valign="top" bg><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 12.2pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 12.2pt"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:black;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:7;color:black;">Reduce activity levels and/or heat exposure. Drink fluids regularly. Workers should check on each other to help spot the symptoms that often precede heat stroke.</span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:130%;color:#660000;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:12;color:#660000;" >Modifying Work and the Environment</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;">Heat exposures may be reduced by several methods. Selection of appropriate workplace controls will vary, depending on the type of workplace and other factors. Some measures may include:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;color:#666666;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:#666666;" >Engineering Controls</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Control the heat at its source through the use of insulating and reflective barriers (e.g. insulate furnace walls). </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Exhaust hot air and steam produced by operations. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Reduce the temperature and humidity through air cooling. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Provide air-conditioned rest areas. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Provide cool work areas. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Increase air movement if temperature is less than 35°C (fans). </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Reduce physical demands of work task through mechanical assistance (hoists, lift-tables, etc.). </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;color:#666666;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:#666666;" >Administrative Controls</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >The employer should assess the demands of all jobs and have monitoring and control strategies in place for hot days and hot workplaces. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Increase the frequency and length of rest breaks. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Schedule strenuous jobs to cooler times of the day. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Provide cool drinking water near workers and remind them to drink a cup every 20 minutes or so. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Caution workers to avoid direct sunlight. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Assign additional workers or slow down the pace of work. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Make sure everyone is properly acclimatized. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Train workers to recognize the signs and symptoms of heat stress and start a "buddy system" since people are not likely to notice their own symptoms. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Pregnant workers and workers with a medical condition should discuss working in the heat with their doctor. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >First Aid responders and an emergency response plan should be in place in the event of a heat-related illness. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Investigate any heat-related incidents. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;color:#666666;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:#666666;" >Personal Protective Equipment</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Light summer clothing should be worn to allow free air movement and sweat evaporation. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Outside, wear light-coloured clothing. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >In a high radiant heat situation, reflective clothing may help. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >For very hot environments, air, water or ice-cooled insulated clothing should be considered. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Vapour barrier clothing, such as chemical protective clothing, greatly increases the amount of heat stress on the body, and extra caution is necessary. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:130%;color:#660000;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:12;color:#660000;" >Managing Heat Stress from Process Heat</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;">For an environment that is hot primarily due to process heat (furnaces, bakeries, smelters, etc.), the employer should follow the guidance of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) as outlined in its booklet and documentation for the recommended Threshold Limit Values (TLVs), and set up a heat stress control plan in consultation with the workplace's joint health and safety committee or worker health and safety representative.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:130%;color:#660000;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-family:Verdana;font-size:12;color:#660000;" >Managing Heat Stress Induced by Hot Weather</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;">Most workplaces don't have "hot processes" but working in hot weather can pose health risks to their workers. For hot work environments due to hot weather, a hot weather plan is appropriate. A hot weather plan is a simplified heat stress control plan. A hot weather plan should establish the implementation criteria, or "triggers", to put the plan into effect. The criteria may include:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;">Weather/environmental indicator triggers such as:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Humidex reaching or exceeding 35º Celsius </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Environment Canada Humidex advisory (air temperature exceeding 30º Celsius and Humidex exceeding 40º Celsius) or Ontario Ministry of the Environment smog alert; </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;color:black;" >§<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:78%;"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 110%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;" >Environment Canada weather reports; and/or </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;color:black;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:11;color:black;">Heat waves (three or more days of temperatures of 32º or more)</span></span></p></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">by Industrial Hygienist</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com